London-based Banker @ MindSay 
14 of 14: George Peabody (1795-1869): A-Z Handbook...Refe... Newspapers...
14 of 14: George Peabody (1795-1869): A-Z Handbook...., by Franklin and Betty J. Parker, bfparker@frontiernet.net
Following Background "Preface" below this concluding 14 of 14 blogs covers from References: Newspapers, New York Daily Times, Sept. 24, 1856 to End of Manuscript.
Background: "Preface" in 1 of 14 tells the why-when-where-how-findings-and-motives of the authors’ research on Franklin Parker’s doctoral dissertation, “George Peabody, Founder of Modern Philanthropy,” completed 1956 at George Peabody College for Teachers, adjoining Vanderbilt University, which on July 1, 1979, became Peabody College of Vanderbilt University, Nashville.
George Peabody, so well known in the 1850s-60s but since sadly neglected, was a significant 19th century figure as: 1-a Massachusetts-born merchant in the U.S. South: Riggs & Peabody, later Peabody & Riggs (1814-38), who imported dry goods and other commodities (worldwide) for sale to U.S. wholesalers. George Peabody then became: 2-a London-based merchant-banker, George Peabody & Co. (1838-64), who financed in part the B&O RR, the 2nd Mexican War Loan, the Atlantic Cable, and with J.S. Morgan as partner, was the root of the JP Morgan international banking firm. Finally, this merchant-turned-banker became: 3-the best known philanthropist of his time (1850s-60s), who founded the Peabody Homes of London for the working poor; in the U.S. 7 Peabody Libraries and Lecture Halls; the Peabody Conservatory of Music, Baltimore; three Peabody Museums at Harvard (Anthropology), Yale (Paleontology), and the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA (maritime history); and founder of the Peabody Education Fund for the South (1867-1914), basis for all later larger U.S. funds and foundations. End of Background.
New York Daily Times, Sept. 24, 1856, p. 1, c. 5 (GP declined public dinner offered by NYC delegation greeting him on his arrival on the Atlantic, Sept. 15, 1856, after nearly 20 years' absence in London. He explained that he had promised to be greeted first publicly by his hometown friends in South Danvers, Mass.).
New York Times, Oct. 10, 1856, p. 1, c. 3 and Oct. 11, 1856, p. 2, c. 1-5 (Danvers, Mass., Oct. 9, 1856, reception for GP on his first U.S. visit after 20 years' absence in London; also in Proceedings, 1856, pp. 115-119, under References: books, entry above).
New York Times, Oct. 14, 1856, p. 2, c. 4 (GP's $10,000 science equipment gift for 1853-55 Second U.S. Grinnell Expedition's search for lost British Arctic explorer Sir John Franklin; similar to Washington, D.C., Daily National Intelligencer, Feb. 1, 1853, p. 3, c. 4, entry above).
New York Daily Times, Oct. 23, 1856, p. 4, c. 3 (Danvers, Mass., Oct. 9, 1856, reception for GP on his first U.S. visit after 20 years' absence in London; also in Proceedings, 1856, pp. 115-119, under References: books, entry above).
New York Daily Times, Feb. 4, 1857, p. 1, c. 2 (Public receptions and speeches which accompanied GP's Sept. 15, 1856-Aug. 19, 1857, U.S. visit after nearly 20 years in London, included two in Baltimore, Jan. 30, 1857, at the Md. Historical Society; and Feb. 2, 1857, at the Md. Institute; before his Feb. 12, 1857, PIB founding letter).
New York Daily Times, Aug. 12, 1857, p. 1, c. 6 (Elaborate farewell banquet, Aug. 10, 1857, at William Shepard Wetmore’s fashionable Newport, R.I., home, nine days before GP left NYC, Aug. 19, 1857, to return to England; similar to NYC Evening Post, Aug. 12, 1857, p. 1; and R.I. Newport Mercury, Aug. 15, 1857).
New York Times, Feb. 9, 1858, p. 4, c. 6. (To correct late Dec. 1857 press report of his firm's Bank of England loan in the Panic of 1857, GP wrote the editor that he owed creditors ƒ2.3 million [not ƒ30 million as reported] when he applied for a ƒ800,000 loan, but took only ƒ300,000, and that at the time of the loan, he had paid ƒ1.5 million of the ƒ2.3 million he owed creditors. "Our losses," he wrote, "will be but trifling").
New York Times, Feb. 18, 1858, p. 4, c. 6 (GP wrote the New York Times editor again to correct late Dec. 1857 press report of his firm's Bank of England loan in the Panic of 1857. GP wrote that he had secured the loan not on securities, which the charter of the Bank of England forbade, but on English friends who guaranteed ƒ90,000 of his firm's ƒ300,000 loan).
New York Times, Aug. 4, 1858, p. 2, c. 1-2 (GP's July 9, 1858, Crystal Palace dinner for 50 Americans, including U.S. Minister to Britain G.M. Dallas and family, Baltimorean John Pendleton Kennedy, and London Times editor Marmaduke Blake Sampson).
New York Times, Aug. 8, 1858, p. 2, c. 1-2 (GP's July 22, 1858, dinner, toasts, speeches, Star and Garter, Richmond near London, attended by 30 Britons and 60 Americans, with U.S. Minister to France John Young Mason as guest of honor, and guests including Baltimorean John Pendleton Kennedy and New York Times founder and first editor Henry Jarvis Raymond).
New York Times, Jan. 12, 1860, p. 1, c. 6 (Reprinted GP's Dec. 23, 1859, letter to the Baltimore American editor denying rumor of a rift between himself and his partner J.S. Morgan after the Panic of 1857, denying the charge made of GP using the London Times to attack rivals, and denying other allegations and inaccuracies, made in Editor James Gordon Bennett's New York Herald, Sept. 20, 1859, p. 2, c. 2; and Oct. 12, 1859, p. 2, c. 2).
New York Times, May 23, 1861, p. 1, c. 1 (Report that Confederate emissary Ambrose Dudley Mann tried to get GP to sell Confederate bonds to European investors but was "firmly repulsed").
New York Times, April 9, 1862, p. 8, c. 5; and p. 9, c. 2 (Editorial and British press favorable reaction to GP's March 12, 1862, $750,000 gift for housing London's working poor).`
New York Times, March 15, 1866, p. 4, c. 5 (GP's second gift of $500,000 to Peabody Donation Fund for London housing, April 19, 1866. GP's total gift, 1862-69, $2.5 million).
New York Times, April 16, 1866, p. 1, c. 4; and April 27, 1866, p. 1, c. 6 (Queen Victoria's March 28, 1866, letter to GP thanking him for his March 12, 1862, Peabody Donation Fund, London, to build apartments for London's working poor; and stating that she was having a miniature portrait of herself especially painted for him. Also, GP's April 3, 1866, reply to Queen Victoria).
New York Times, May 1, 1866 (GP present at the prize-giving ceremony of the Workingmen's Industrial Exhibition, London).
New York Times, May 3, 1866, p. 4, c. 6; and p. 11, c. 1 (GP arrived in NYC on his May 1, 1866 to May 1, 1867, U.S. visit).
New York Times, June 20, 1866, p. 2, c. 6 (GP's correspondence with Boston citizens).
New York Times, Oct. 21, 1866, p. 4, c. 5 (Peabody Museum of Harvard Univ. gift, $150,000).
New York Times, Oct. 23, 1866, p.1, c. 6 (GP's additional $500,000 gift to the PIB on Oct. 19, 1866).
New York Times, Oct. 24, 1866, p. 4, c. 7 (Peabody Museum of Yale Univ. gift, $150,000).
New York Times, Oct. 27, 1866, p. 4, c. 3-4 (Defense of GP by anonymous letter writer answering "S.P.Q.'s" letter printed in NYC Evening Post, Oct. 25, 1866, p. 2, c. 2, charging GP as Civil War profiteer at the Union's expense, of not contributing to the U.S. Sanitary Commission, and of giving money to the London poor rather than money to raise and clothe a single Union recruit).
New York Times, Oct. 27, 1866, p. 4, c. 3; and p. 5, c. 1-2 (GP's philanthropies. Account of the PIB dedication and opening, Oct. 24-25, 1866, including speeches by GP and others).
New York Times, Oct. 31, 1866, p. 4, c. 7 (Letter writer identified as "A Twenty-Five Years' Acquaintance" [may have been Thurlow Weed] defended GP as Union supporter against 1-"S.P.Q.'s" charges printed in NYC Evening Post, Oct. 25, 1866, p. 2, c. 2, that GP was a Civil War profiteer at the Union's expense, that GP never contributed to the U.S. Sanitary Commission, and that he gave money to the London poor rather than money to raise and clothe a single Union recruit; and against similar charges by 2-owner-editor Samuel Bowles, Springfield Daily Republican, Oct. 27, 1866, p. 4, c. 2).
New York Times, Nov. 8, 1866, p. 1, c. 7 (GP's $25,000 gift, Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., for professorship of math and natural science).
New York Times, Nov. 18, 1866, p. 5, c. 5 (PIB trustees' letter of thanks to GP for his Oct. 19, 1866, additional $500,000 gift).
New York Times, Feb. 9, 1867, p. 1, c. 7; and Feb. 11, 1867 (First meeting of PEF trustees, Willard's Hotel, Washington, D.C., Feb. 8, 1867; and other facts about PEF $l million gift).
New York Times, March 9, 1867, p. 1, c. 5 (On Congressional gold medal to GP in thanks for the PEF, similar to New York Herald, May 29, 1868, p. 3, c. 6, entry above).
New York Times, March 26, 1867, p. 8, c. 1 (Meeting of PEF trustees).
New York Times, April 1, 1867, p.1, c. 6 (Description of Queen Victoria's gift to GP of her portrait by British artist F.A.C. Tilt, a photo of which in miniature was enameled on porcelain and set in a gold frame; seen by GP March 1867, deposited in specially built vault, Peabody Institute Library, Peabody, Mass., since April 28, 1868).
New York Times, April 9, 1867, p. 5, c. 3 (GP's reply to invitation from Charleston, S.C. board of trade).
New York Times, April 21, 1867, p. 1, c. 7 (PEF proposed plan to aid public education in the eleven former Confederate states plus W.Va., added because of its poverty).
New York Times, April 21, 1867, p. 6, c. 1-2 (GP's April 18, 1867, farewell speech in Georgetown, Mass.: "Here, since the earliest days of New England, my maternal ancestors lived and died. More of my family connections live here now than any other place. More than sixty years ago, I distinctly remember, a promised visit to Rowley was one of my brightest anticipations. Here my mother was born, she whom I loved so much, whose memory I revere. Here she passed her childhood and therefore these scenes are to me consecrated ground").
New York Times, May 8, 1867, p. 5, c. 2-3 (On GP's April 2, 1867, $15,000 gift for a Georgetown, D.C. library fund; similar to D.C., Georgetown Courier, March 2, 1867, p. 3, c. 1, entry above).
New York Times, Jan. 11, 1868, p. 5, c. 2 (John Greenleaf Whittier later wrote that he would not have written "Memorial Hymn," a poem read Jan. 8, 1868, at the dedication of Memorial Church, Georgetown, Mass., GP built in his mother's memory in her hometown, had he known of GP's condition, that the church "exclude political and other subjects not in keeping with its religious purpose." See Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, entry above).
New York Times, May 26, 1868, p. 2, c. 2-3 (On Congressional gold medal to GP for the PEF, similar to New York Herald, May 29, 1868, p. 3, c. 6, entry above).
New York Times, Aug. 4, 1868, p. 2, c. 2 (Recalled details of GP's first large-scale [over 800 guests] U.S.-British July 4, 1851, friendship dinner, Willis's Rooms, London, in connection with the Great Exhibition, 1851, London. GP overcame British society's reluctance to attend by getting the Duke of Wellington as guest of honor).
New York Times, Jan. 29, 1869, p. 5, c. 5 (On Congressional gold medal to GP for the PEF, similar to New York Herald, May 29, 1868, p. 3, c. 6, entry above).
New York Times, June 9, 1869, p. 5, c. 1-2 (On GP's arrival in NYC for his June 8 to Sept. 29, 1869, last U.S. visit; described Peabody Homes of London; article was sympathetic to GP on many begging letters sent him and the abuse heaped on him when they were unanswered).
New York Times, June 19, 1869, p. 4, c. 2 (Obituary of Henry Jarvis Raymond, founder and first editor of the New York Times, who was at GP's July 22, 1858, dinner, Star and Garter Hotel, Richmond, near London, attended by about 60 Americans and 30 Britons. U.S. Minister to France John Young Mason was guest of honor. H.J. Raymond toasted "the Press." Baltimorean John Pendleton Kennedy toasted "the City of London." See: New York Times, Aug. 8, 1858, p. 2, c.1-2, entry above).
New York Times, July 16, 1869, p. 1, c. 6 ; and July 20, 1869, p. 4, c. 7 (GP spoke at July 14-16, 1869, dedication of Peabody Institute Library, Danvers, Mass.; and Oliver Wendell Holmes read his "George Peabody" poem, July 16, 1869; similar to Peabody Press, July 14, 1869, p. 2, c. 2, 4-5, entry above).
New York Times, July 31, 1869, p. 4, c. 7; and p. 5, c. 1 (GP visited Greenbrier Hotel, White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., July 23-Aug. 30, 1869. Former Va. Gov. H.A. Wise and others composed resolution of praise read to GP, July 28, 1869: "On behalf of the Southern people we tender thanks to Mr. Peabody for his aid to the cause of education...and hail him 'benefactor.'" GP's reply was also printed. GP spoke to and was photographed with Robert E. Lee, other former Civil War generals, and northern and southern educational and political leaders [Aug. 12]. A spontaneous Peabody Ball was held in his honor [Aug. 11]. Too ill to attend, he heard the merrymaking from his bungalow).
New York Times, Aug. 4, 1869, p. 2, c. 1 (GP won praise for his $15,000 loan to U.S. exhibitors at the Great Exhibition, 1851, London, who were without U.S. congressional funds to display U.S. art and industrial products. GP was repaid by U.S. Congress three years later).
New York Times, Aug. 4, 1869, p. 5, c. 2-4 (U.S. Minister to Britain John Lothrop Motley's remarks on July 23, 1869, unveiling of GP's seated statue in London).
New York Times, Nov. 13, 1869, p. 3, c. 1 (Cited as source by GP funeral researcher Howard Allen Welch for U.S. Rear Adm. William Radford being instructed to send U.S. ship as GP funeral vessel. Queen Victoria and the government decided to outfit HMS Monarch as the funeral ship; it was escorted by USS Plymouth).
New York Times, Nov. 14, 1869, p. 3, c. 7 (On GP's Nov. 4, 1869, death in London; his family and antecedents).
New York Times, Nov. 26, 1869, p. 2, c. 2-3 (New York Times London reporter wrote of GP's Nov. 12, 1869, Westminster Abbey funeral service: "My trans-Atlantic heart beat...quicker at the thought of clergy and nobility, Prime Minister and people, of this great realm gathered to lay [GP] among sleeping Kings and statesmen. The crowd outside was, if possible, more interesting than that within. The gaunt, famished London poor were gathered in thousands to testify their respect for the foreigner who has done more than any Englishman for their class, and whose last will contains an additional bequest to them of £150,000").
New York Times, Nov. 27, 1869, p. 1, c. 6-7 (Bishop of London's sermon on GP's life and influence, Westminster Abbey, Sunday, Nov. 14, 1869).
New York Times, Dec. 14, 1869, p. 5, c. 1 (Handing over ceremony of GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869, and placing the coffin aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England).
New York Times, Dec. 22, 1869, p. 1, c. 4 (U.S. House Resolution No. 96 asked Pres. U.S. Grant to order a naval reception of GP's remains from England on U.S. territory "with the...dignity of a great people." This resolution was introduced in the House on Dec. 15, 1869, debated and passed on Dec. 21, 1869, passed in the Senate on Dec. 23, 1869, and signed into law by Pres. Grant on Jan. 10, 1870).
New York Times, Dec. 23, 1869, p. 2, c. 3-4 (Thurlow Weed, "The Late George Peabody; A Vindication of his Course During the Civil War," reprinted in Historical Collections of the Danvers Historical Society, Vol. 19 [1931], pp. 9-15; similar to Weed, Thurlow-a, entry under References: books, above).
New York Times, Jan. 25, 1870, p. 5, c. 3-4 (At GP's Nov. 4, 1869, death England's Solicitor General had to determine the legality of his property as a foreigner. It was determined that in 1866 GP bought through business friend and naturalized British subject Sir Curtis M. Lampson just over 13 acres of land at Stockwell near London, that he gave it in his will to the Peabody Donation Fund, that while it reverted to the Crown because he was not a British subject, the Crown in turn gave it to the Peabody Donation Fund of London).
New York Times, Jan. 27, 1870, p. 1, c. 5-7 (During his 1866-67 U.S. visit GP told friends in NYC about the only instance he made money in the Civil War involving Confederate bonds. In London early in the Civil War some investment capitalists asked his advice about buying Confederate bonds. He said that such bonds would depreciate within a year. Doubting him, a few asked that he write down this opinion, and that whosoever was right, he or they, would win a $60,000 wager. A year later when the bonds depreciated GP held them to the wager and said that was the only money he ever made from Confederate bonds. Md. legislature's resolutions on GP's death, which read in part: "...his name will stand preeminent in history...generations yet unborn will learn to venerate his memory." Robert Charles Winthrop and citizens' committee left Boston Jan. 26, 1870, for the Portland, Me., naval reception and for the Peabody, Mass., eulogy and burial. Arrival in Portland, Me., of U.S. naval squadron to receive HMS Monarch funeral ship and accompanying USS Plymouth. Has list and history of GP's philanthropies).
New York Times, Feb. 2, 1870, p. 5, c. 1-3 (Transfer on Jan. 29, 1870, of GP's coffin from HMS Monarch to Portland City Hall, Me.; the many visitors on Jan. 31 to the lying in state in the Portland City Hall auditorium, specially decorated by marine artist Harrison Bird Brown; and the transfer of the coffin from Portland City Hall on Feb. 1, 1870, to a specially decorated funeral train. The train's route went to Kennebunk, Me.; Portsmouth, N.H.; and in Mass. to Newburyport, Ipswich, Beverly, and Peabody, Mass.).
New York Times, Feb 9, 1870, p. 1, c. 4-7 (Described Boston's C.W. Barth and staff's solemn decoration of the Peabody Institute Library's main reading room for GP's last lying in state, Peabody, Mass., Feb. 1-8, 1870. Philanthropic advisor Robert Charles Winthrop's widely reprinted Feb. 8, 1870, GP funeral eulogy, South Congregational Church, Peabody, Mass.: 1-how GP first shared with Winthrop his gifts ideas, possibly May 9, 1866, or in Oct. 1866, at Winthrop's home, Brookline, Mass. When Winthrop expressed amazement, GP said: "Why Mr. Winthrop, this is no new idea to me. From the earliest of my manhood, I have contemplated some such disposition of my property; and I have prayed my heavenly Father, day by day, that I might be enabled, before I died, to show my gratitude for the blessings which he has bestowed upon me by doing some great good to my fellow-men." 2-Described GP's Nov 4, 1869, death at business friend Sir Curtis Miranda Lampson's 80 Eaton Sq., London home; Nov. 12, 1869, Westminster Abbey funeral service; transatlantic journey of remains aboard HMS Monarch; landing at Portland, Maine, Jan. 25, 1870; funeral train to Peabody, Mass. Final burial, Harmony Grove Cemetery, Salem, Mass., Feb. 8, 1870).
New York Times, Feb. 27, 1870, p. 3 (Adm. David Glasgow Farragut was ill with pneumonia when placed in charge of U.S. naval reception of GP's remains at Portland, Me., Jan. 25-Feb. 1, 1870, and died seven months later, Aug. 14, 1870. He arrived in Portland Jan. 22 with his wife and secretary, was met by the Portland funeral committee, and was escorted to the Falmouth Hotel to rest, while Mrs. Farragut visited her son, Lt. Farragut, Third U.S. Artillery, at nearby Fort Preble).
New York Times, June 27, 916, p. 11, c. 4. (Obituary of Colonel William Beals, the Boston decorator who furbished Car No. 77, Eastern RR, carrying GP's remains from Portland, Me., to Peabody, Mass., Feb. 1, 1870. His obit. is listed in N.Y. Times Obituaries Index [1916], p. 59).
New York Times, May 13, 1926, p. 14, c. 1-2 (GP was one of 29 most famous Americans elected to the N.Y.U. Hall of Fame, 1900. In 1901 a tablet was unveiled and on May 12, 1926 a GP bust was unveiled, made by sculptor Hans Schuler, with an address by GPCFT Pres. Bruce R. Payne; similar to Baltimore Sun, May 9, 1926, Part 2, Sect. 1, p. 10, c. 2-5, entry above).
New York Times, March 31, 1964, p. 25, c. 2-3; April 1, 1964, p. 1, c. 2, continued p. 27, c. 2-4; April 2, 1964, p. 18, c. 2; April 3, 1964, p. 23, c. 2 (Mass. Gov. Endicott "Chubb" Peabody's mother, Mary Elizabeth [née Parkman] Peabody, wife of Episcopal Bishop Rt. Rev. Malcolm Endicott Peabody and cousin of former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, made headlines when at age 72 she was arrested overnight for protesting segregation in a St. Augustine, Fla. diner, March 31, 1964).
New York Times, Sunday, Feb. 28, 1988, John Gross, "A Banker with a Gift for Giving, A Golden Touch and a Taste for Dining Well," Section 2, p. 39, c.1 ("Creating a Legend: George Peabody and the House of Morgan," part of a larger Pierpont Morgan Library of N.Y. exhibit, shown from about Feb. 28 through May 8, 1988, described GP's career, his founding of George Peabody & Co., London, that firm's subsequent history, and other facts, and illustrated with a GP portrait and menus from GP's London U.S.-British friendship dinners).
New York Times, Nov. 28, 1989, Steven Prokesch, "Germans to Buy Morgan Grenfell," p. 29, article continued as "Deutsche Bank to Acquire Morgan Grenfell," p. 42 (George Peabody & Co., London, 1838-64, became J.S. Morgan & Co., 1864-1909, became Morgan Grenfell & Co., 1909-90, and Deutsche Morgan Grenfell since June 29, 1990, a German-owned bank).
New York Times, July 14, 1995, XIII, CN, p. 17, c. 1, Bess Liebenson. "The Country's First Modern Philanthropist" (Described plans for celebrating the bicentennial of GP's birth [1795-1995] in the U.S. and in London. Showed portrait of a seated GP, commissioned to honor his Oct. 22, 1866, $150,000 gift founding the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University).
New York Times, July 14, 1996, p. 29, Marialisa Calta, "Gimme Shelter" (Described the Greenbrier Hotel, White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., when, during the Eisenhower cold war years it had a secret deep bunker for government officials in case of nuclear attack. The bunker, never used, was on alert during the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, a fact made public in 1992. GP on his last U.S. visit was at the Greenbrier, July 23-Aug. 30, 1869).
New York Tribune
New York Tribune, March 11, 1867, p. 2, c. 3 (GP reported to the press that about 4,000 letters begging for funds were burned in his presence).
New York Tribune, July 16, 1869, p. 2, c. 2-3 (GP spoke at July 14-16, 1869, dedication of Peabody Institute Library, Danvers, Mass.; and Oliver Wendell Holmes read his "George Peabody" poem, July 16, 1869; similar to Peabody Press, July 14, 1869, p. 2, c. 2, 4-5, entry above).
New York Tribune, Sept. 23, 1869, p. 1, c. 4 (GP's last $400,000 PIB gift and last Baltimore departure, Sept. 22, 1869).
New York Tribune, Nov. 12, 1869, p. 1, c. 1 (Queen Victoria's invitation, Oct. 30, 1869, for GP to visit and rest at Windsor Castle. Too ill, he died Nov. 4, 1869).
New York Tribune, Dec. 14, 1869, p. 1, c. 1 (GP's last will was written and witnessed in NYC, Sept. 9, 1869, and recorded in Salem, Mass., Sept. 10, 1869; similar to Salem Observer [Mass.], Jan. 15, 1870, entry above. Described handing over ceremony of GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869, and the coffin placed aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England).
New York Semi-Weekly Tribune, Dec. 28, 1869 (On the GP-Esther Elizabeth Hoppin broken engagement. Similar to Biddle, Edward, and Mantle Field, above under References: books).
New York Tribune, Jan. 20, 1870, p. 4, c. 5 (GP's real estate property in England given at his death to his Peabody housing fund with approval of England's Solicitor General; similar to
New York Times, Jan. 25, 1870, p. 5, c. 3-4 , entry above).
New York Semi-Weekly Tribune, Friday, Jan. 28, 1870, n.p. (Howard Glyndon's poem, "The Coming of the Silent Guest," republished in George Peabody House Museum, Vol. 2, Issue 3 (May 2001), p. 3).
New York World
New York World, Sept. 14, 1869, p. 12, c. 2 (Gen. J. Bankhead Magruder stated that the main photo of GP, Lee, Corcoran, Civil War generals, and others, Greenbrier Hotel, White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., was taken after GP consented to be its central figure, Aug. 12, 1869. Photos are also in Conte, pp. 69-71; Dabney, Vol. 1, facing p. 83; Freeman-a, 1935, appendix [incorrect identification]; Freeman-b, 1947, Vol. 4, p. 438 [correct identification]; Kocher and Dearstyne, pp. 189-190; Lanier, ed., Vol. 5, p. 4; Meredith, pp. 84-85; Miller, ed., Vol. 10, p. 4; Murphy, p. 58).
New York World, Sept. 23, 1869, p. 3, c. 6 (GP's last $400,000 PIB gift and last Baltimore departure, Sept. 22, 1869, then to Philadelphia, and NYC where some PEF trustees saw him board the Scotia, Sept. 29, 1869, for London; similar to
New York Tribune, Sept. 23, 1869, p. 1, c. 4, entry above).
New York, NYC. Spirit of the Times
Spirit of the Times, July 26, 1851, p. 1, c. 2; and Aug. 2, 1851, p. 279 (U.S.-British press reported favorably on GP's first large-scale [over 800 guests] U.S.-British July 4, 1851, friendship dinner, Willis's Rooms, London, in connection with the Great Exhibition of 1851. GP overcame British society's reluctance to attend by getting the Duke of Wellington as guest of honor).
N .Y., Oswego. Oswego Daily Times
Oswego Daily Times, April 25, 1857, p. 3, c. 1 (On April 25, 1857, GP and business friend Curtis Miranda Lampson were in Oswego, N.Y., to look into the affairs of the Syracuse and Binghamton Railroad, of which GP was a large stockholder. They met with several businessmen at Luther Wright's bank to discuss how to finance the completion of the railroad line from Syracuse to Oswego).
Asheville Citizen-Times
Asheville Citizen-Times, Nov. 28, 1992, Ulrike Huhs, "Peabody Conservatory Generates Sounds of the Future," p. C-4 (The Peabody Conservatory of Music of Johns Hopkins Univ. had the first computer music department which, with the Johns Hopkins Univ. engineering school, initiated an electronic music degree).
Ohio , Cincinnati. Daily Cincinnati Gazette
Daily Cincinnati Gazette, July 30, 1852, p. 2, c. 3 (GP's June 17 and July 4, 1852, London dinners and speeches, attended by U.S. Minister Abbott Lawrence, Wm. Brown, Thomson Hankey, Thurlow Weed, and J.C. Frémont; similar to Washington, D.C., Republic, July 10, 1852, p. 2, c. 5, entry above).
Daily Cincinnati Gazette, April 1l, 1857, p. 2, c. 1 (GP's March-April 1857 tour in the U.S. South and West; similar to Mobile (Ala.) Daily Tribune, March 5, 1857, entry above).
Ohio , Zanesville. Zanesville Daily Courier
Zanesville Daily Courier, Aug. 7, 1869, p. 2, c. 4 (for Daily Courier reporter Mr. Reamy's account of July 23, 1869, unveiling of GP's seated statue in London; see also New York Times, Aug. 4, 1869, p. 5, c. 2-4, entry above).
Zanesville Daily Courier, Dec. 10, 1869, p. 3, c. 5 (Plan for transferring GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869, and the coffin placed aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England).
Zanesville Daily Courier, Dec. 14, 1869, p. 3, c. 5 (GP's last will was written and witnessed in NYC, Sept. 9, 1869, and recorded in Salem, Mass., Sept. 10, 1869; similar to Salem Observer [Mass.], Jan. 15, 1870, entry above).
Zanesville Daily Courier, Jan. 28, 1870, p. 2, c. 4 (GP's real estate property in England given at his death to his Peabody housing fund approved by England's Solicitor General; similar to New York Times, Jan. 25, 1870, p. 5, c. 3-4 , entry above).
Zanesville Daily Signal
Zanesville Daily Signal, Nov. 24, 1869 (Quoted unknown NYC Post correspondent who interviewed GP during the Civil War and found him a staunch Unionist).
Zanesville Daily Signal, Nov. 27, 1869, p. 3, c. 2 (GP's last will was written and witnessed in NYC, Sept. 9, 1869, and recorded in Salem, Mass., Sept. 10, 1869; similar to Salem Observer [Mass.], Jan. 15, 1870, entry above).
Zanesville Daily Signal, Dec. 11, 1869, p. 2, c. 3 (Plan for transferring GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869, with the coffin placed aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England; similar to Ohio's Zanesville Daily Courier, Dec. 10, 1869, p. 3, c. 5, entry above).
Zanesville Daily Signal, Dec. 15, 1869, p. 2, c. 3 (GP's last will, Sept. 9, 1869; similar to Zanesville Daily Courier, Dec. 14, 1869, p. 3, c. 5, entry above).
Penn ., Philadelphia (Phila.) Dollar Newspaper
Dollar Newspaper, Jan. 19, 1848, p. 3, c. 7 (Obituary of Alexander Lardner, who married Esther Elizabeth Hoppin from Providence, R.I. GP was engaged to Esther Elizabeth Hoppin during 1838-39 in London when she attended Queen Victoria's coronation. She broke the engagement, married her earlier beau, Alexander Lardner. They lived in Philadelphia and had two children. Artist Thomas Sully's 1840 portrait of her is in NYC's Frick Art Reference Library. She died in 1905. See: her obituary in Philadelphia Public Ledger, June 13, 1905, p. 7, c. 2, below).
Penn., Philadelphia Press
Philadelphia Press, Dec. 10, 1873, John W. Forney, "In Memorial: Death of Charles Macalester" (Obituary of Philadelphia financier Charles Macalester, who met GP in London, 1842, became GP's Philadelphia agent, and was one of the 16 original PEF trustees and member of the PEF Finance Committee).
Penn., PhiladelphiaPublic Ledger
Public Ledger, Jan. 15, 1848, p. 2, c. 4 (Alexander Lardner's obituary, husband of Esther Elizabeth Hoppin, engaged to GP, 1838-39, London; similar to Phila.’sDollar Newspaper, Jan. 19, 1848, p. 3, c. 7, entry above . Hoppin's obituary is in Phila’s Public Ledger, June 13, 1905, p. 7, c. 2, below).
Public Ledger, Dec. 10, 1873, "Decease of Charles Macalester, Esq." (Obituary of Philadelphia financier Charles Macalester, once GP's Philadelphia agent, one of the 16 original PEF trustees, and member of the PEF Finance Committee; similar to Philadelphia Press, Dec. 10, 1873, by John W. Forney).
Public Ledger, June 13, 1905, p. 7, c. 2 (Obituary of Esther Elizabeth Hoppin from Providence, R.I., engaged to GP during 1838-39 in London after she attended Queen Victoria's coronation. She broke the engagement, married her earlier beau, Alexander Lardner, who died in 1848. They lived in Philadelphia and had two children. She died in 1905. Artist Thomas Sully's 1840 portrait of her is in NYC's Frick Art Reference Library. See: Alexander Lardner's obituary, Phila.’s Dollar Newspaper, Jan. 19, 1848, p. 3, c. 7 and Phila.’s Public Ledger, Jan. 15, 1848, p. 2, c. 4, above).
Phila.’s North American and United States Gazette
North American and United States Gazette, Jan. 20, 1848, p. 2, c. 7 (On GP's broken engagement to Esther Elizabeth Hoppin from Providence, R.I., 1838-39, in London; similar fuller account in Phila.’s Public Ledger, June 13, 1905, p. 7, c. 2, entry above).
North American and United States Gazette, July 23, 1851, p. 1, c. 4 (Details of and praise for GP's July 4, 1851, London, U.S.-British friendship dinner during the Great Exhibition of 1851, London, successful because of the Duke of Wellington's attendance as guest of honor).
Pennsylvania Inquirer and National Gazette
Pennsylvania Inquirer and National Gazette, Jan. 20, 1848, p. 2, c. 7 (Alexander Lardner's obituary, husband of Esther Elizabeth Hoppin, engaged to GP, 1838-39, London; similar to Phila.’s Dollar Newspaper, Jan. 19, 1848, p. 3, c. 7, entry above . Hoppin's obituary is in Phila.’s Public Ledger, June 13, 1905, p. 7, c. 2).
Penn., Pittsburgh
Evening Chronicle, April 14, 1857, p. 1, c. 1-3 (GP's March-April 1857 tour in the U.S. South and West; similar to Mobile (Ala.) Daily Tribune, March 5, 1857, entry above. In Pittsburgh, Penn., GP stayed with Capt. and Mrs. Edward W.H. Schenley, April 14-16, 1857, as noted in entry immediately below).
Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph. Shine, Bernice, "Schenley Park Donated by Girl Whose Romance Shocked a Queen," September 15, 1941 (GP stayed in Pittsburgh, Penn., with Capt. and Mrs. Edward W.H. Schenley during April 14-16, 1857, where a reception was held in his honor. She later donated land for Schenley Park in Pittsburgh).
Penn., Washington, Washington Weekly Reporter
Washington Weekly Reporter, Aug. 9, 1854, p. 2, c. 5 (GP gave $1,000 to the Washington National Monument, Washington, D.C., July 4, 1854, at the suggestion of Washington, D.C., business friend William Wilson Corcoran).
R.I., Newport, Newport Mercury
Newport Mercury, Aug. 15, 1857 (Elaborate farewell banquet, Aug. 10, 1857, at William Shepard Wetmore’s fashionable Newport, R.I., home, nine days before GP left NYC, Aug. 19, 1857, to return to England; similar to NYC Evening Post, Aug. 12, 1857, p. 1, and New York Daily Times, Aug. 12, 1857, p. 1, c. 6).
Newport Mercury, Nov. 13, 1869, p. 3, c. 1 (Account at GP's death recalled his winter 1810 visit to maternal grandparents near Thetford, Vt., stopover at Stickney's Tavern, Concord, N.H., and visit to maternal aunt, Barnstead, N.H.; similar to Boston Journal, Nov. 5, 1869, p. 4, c. 3-5, entry above).
R.I., Providence Journal
Providence Journal, Dec. 22, 1869, p. 2, c. 3 (Report of GP's death and funeral recalled his broken engagement to Esther Elizabeth Hoppin, her marriage to Alexander Lardner, and his death in 1848. She died in 1905. Artist Thomas Sully's 1840 portrait of her is in NYC's Frick Art Reference Library; similar to Pennsylvania Inquirer and National Gazette, Jan. 20, 1848, p. 2, c. 7, entry above).
Tenn., Nashville, Nashville Banner
Nashville Banner, Dec. 9, 1971, p. 39 (Review of Franklin Parker, George Peabody, A Biography [Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1971], with photo of a profile of GP as a young man, taken from the dust jacket, portrait made from an original silhouette by Gary Gore, then design and promotion manager, Vanderbilt Univ. Press. His design was awarded a Gold Medal by the Art Directors' Club, Nashville, 1971).
Nashville Banner, February 18, 1991, "VU's Peabody Holds Top Ranking Again," p. B-5 (PCofVU's counseling program for preparing high school counselors rated top choice for several years).
Tenn., Nashville Tennessean
Tennessean Magazine, (May 15, 1955), Franklin Parker, "Nashville's Yankee Friend," pp. 2, 6-7 (From GP's PEF came the predecessor educational institutions culminating in PCofVU).
Tennessean, Nov. 28, 1976, p. 3-F, Tom Rogers, "Londoners' Homes Peabody Legacy" (Three GP-related illustrations are described under GP Illustrations).
Tennessean, May 28, 1984, pp. l-A-2-A, " 'Mr. Peabody' Dr. Windrow Dies at 84" (As GPCFT student, faculty member, and administrator for 60 years, John Edwin Windrow was an indefatigable GPCFT publicist. His GPCFT dissertation and book were on the life of Univ. of Nashville Chancellor John Berrien Lindsley).
Tennessean, Dec. 26, 1991, "New Peabody Dean Eager to Help State Change Face of Education," p. B-3 (PCofVU under second Dean James Pellegrino).
Tennessean, May 7, 1995, p. 2D, Louis J. Salome, "George Peabody, More Than Just a College Name." (Photo of bust of GP by sculptor Hans Schuler, unveiled May 12, 1926, New York University Hall of Fame Colonnade).
Tennessean, Sept. 2, 1996, p. 6A, "The First Nashville, 1780's" (Described the origins and early history of Nashville, Tenn.).
Tennessean, June 24, 1997, p. 7B (Obituary of Felix Compton Robb, assistant to GPCFT Pres. Henry Harrington Hill from 1947, dean of instruction, and successor president of GPCFT during 1961-66. He was director, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, 1966-82, was a trustee of several colleges, a consultant to various boards and foundations, and interim president, Tallulah Falls School, Ga.).
Tennessean, Sept. 25, 1999, p. lB, "Architect Helped Build City’s Colleges" (Architect Henry Clossen Hibbs, hired by first Pres. Bruce R. Payne to design GPCFT, Nashville [completed 1914] after Thomas Jefferson's Univ. of Va. architectural plan).
Tennessean, March 31, 2000, pp. B1, continued 6B, "VU Keeps its Hold on U.S. Rankings" (U.S. News & World Report ranked PCofVU as sixth best graduate education school for the second consecutive year).
Tennessean, April 30, 2000, p. 1B (The PCofVU's Social-Religious Building was renamed, April 20, 2000, the Faye and Joe Wyatt Center for Education, after the retiring VU chancellor and his wife, under whom that historic building was renovated, 1993-96).
Tennessean, Aug. 7, 2000, p. 5B, "Noted philanthropist Philip Belz dies" (Realtor company chairman emeritus Philip Belz [1904-2000], whose Belz Enterprises owned the Peabody Hotel Group, died Aug 4, 2000, in Memphis).
Tennessean, Aug. 22 and 23, 2000, both pp. 1A-2A. (Started in 1965, the John F. Kennedy Center for Research on Education and Human Development, PCofVU, Nashville, Tenn., with Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation startup funds, is one of 14 federally funded mental retardation research centers. Its $11 million budget in 2000 enabled advanced work by some 90 Vanderbilt Univ. and PCofVU researchers).
Tennessean, Sept. 14, 2000. P. 2E, "House of Morgan Has Storied Past" (The J.P. Morgan, Sr., bank, NYC, was bought for about $39.2 billion in stock by the Chase Manhattan Corp., thus surviving GP by 131 years, 1869-2000; J.S. Morgan by 110 years, 1890-2000; J.P. Morgan, Sr., himself by 87 years, 1913-2000; and J.P. Morgan, Sr.'s son by 66 years, 1934-2000).
Tennessean, Sept. 21, 2000, p. 4B, "Little Rock's Peabody Hotel to Include Ducks" (Lease signed in Little Rock, Ark., converting the former Excelsior Hotel into the Peabody Hotel, which will continue the daily duck waddle tradition down the red carpet into the hotel lobby pool).
Tennessean, April 1, 2001, p. 3B, "VU's Peabody Cracks Top 5 Grad Schools of Education" (After ranking among top 10 graduate schools of education in U.S. News & World Report's annual ranking since 1995, PCofVU jumped to 5th place in 2001).
Tennessean, March 31, 2004, "Dr. Susan Gray's Legacy" (GPCFT Early Childhood Education Prof. Susan Gray's [1913-92] enrichment program for poverty-deprived Nashville area 4 and 5 year olds in 1965 inspired the U.S. national Project Headstart).
Tennessean, Jan. 6, 2005, pp. 1Ai-2A (Controversy, 2002-2005, over Vanderbilt Univ.’s intent to remove “Confederate” from PCofVU Confederate Memorial Hall dormitory building).
Tennessean, Jan. 9, 2005, pp. 18A-19A (Similar to immediately above).
Tennessean, Jan. 10, 2005, p. 6A (Similar to immediately above).
Tennessean, Jan. 21, 2005, p. 5A (Similar to immediately above).
Tennessean, May 17, 2005, p. 11A (Similar to immediately above).
Texas, Austin American
Austin American, March 18, 1964, Tom A. Cullen, "Peabody Pioneer: First Slum Push" (Engraving of "Peabody's Apartment Houses," London).
Va., Richmond Daily Whig
Richmond Daily Whig, July 28, 1869, p. 2, c. 5 (GP at White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., July 23-Aug. 30, 1869; where resolution of praise were read to him, July 28, 1869; where he spoke to and was photographed with Robert E. Lee and other northern and southern educational, political leaders, military leaders [Aug. 12]; and where a Peabody Ball was held in his honor [Aug. 11]; similar to New York Times, July 31, 1869, p. 4, c. 7; and p. 5, c. 1, entries above).
Richmond Daily Whig, Aug. 13, 1869, p. 2, c. 3-4 (Continuation of Richmond Daily Whig, July 28, 1869, p. 2, c. 5, above, on GP's July 23-Aug. 30, 1869, visit to the Greenbrier Hotel, White Sulphur Springs health spa, W.Va., where a Peabody Ball was held in his honor on Aug. 11, 1869).
Richmond Daily Whig, Aug. 17, 1869, p. 2, c. 5 (GP gave his lost Va. bonds, 1869, to R.E. Lee's Washington College, later redeemed at $60,000; similar to Baltimore American, May 14, 1883, entry above).
Richmond Daily Whig, Aug. 20, 1869, p. 3, c. 2 (Stated that photos of GP, R.E. Lee, others, White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., were taken by Anderson and Johnson of Anderson's Richmond photographic establishment on Aug. 12, 1869; similar to New York World, Sept. 14, 1869, p. 12, c. 2, entry above).
Va., Richmond Dispatch
Richmond Dispatch, March 3, 1857, p. 1, c. 5 (Freighter named George Peabody carried goods between Baltimore and Richmond, Va., from 1857; similar to Baltimore American, Feb. 19, 1857, p. 1, c. 4, entry above).
Richmond Dispatch, March 13, 1857, p. 1, c. 4 (GP's March-April 1857 tour in the U.S. South and West; similar to Mobile (Ala.), Daily Tribune, March 5, 1857, entry above).
Richmond Dispatch, Feb. 2, 1896, p. 12, c. 1-2, "To Honor Peabody" (On Feb. 1, 1896, Va. state Sen. William Lovenstein introduced a resolution and supporting letter of Jan. 24, 1896, from PEF administrator J.L.M. Curry for a GP statue to be placed in Statuary Hall, U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Capitol Bldg., Washington, D.C., where each state has statues of two notable citizens. But this effort was not successful).
W. Va., White Sulphur Springs, White Sulphur Echo
White Sulphur Echo, Vol. 22, No. 51 (Aug. 12, 1869), 3 pp. (GP joined longtime business friend William Wilson Corcoran at White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., July 23-Aug. 30, 1869. Gathered there by chance were southern and northern social, political, educational, and military elites. Relevant articles, p. 1, "Great Peabody Ball [Aug. 11, 1869]"; p. 2, "Statue of Mr. Peabody [London, unveiled July 23, 1869]"; p. 3, "An Endowment of Washington College [Lexington, Va., R.E. Lee, president] by George Peabody. Mr. Peabody's Health"; "An Historic Group [photographer Anderson's historic photo of "General Lee, Mr. Peabody, Generals Wise, Beauregard, Gary Connor, Lilly, Lawton and Magruder, and Messrs. Brent, W.W. Corcoran, James Lyons, and Blacque Bey"]."
W. Va., White Sulphur Springs, Lee Week Herald
Lee Week Herald, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Aug. 25, 1932), one page. (Apparently a commemorative issue. Relevant articles: "How They Honored General Lee" [his arrival in early Aug. 1869; funds raised locally to repair his church in Lexington, Va., to which GP contributed; and the Peabody Ball, Aug. 11, 1869]; and "The '69 Season" ["the season of '69 was the nonpareil…nothing to equal"; this gathering centered on R.E. Lee and GP].
W. Va., White Sulphur Echo and Lee Week Herald
White Sulphur Echo and Lee Week Herald, Aug. 31, 1934) (Commemorative issue of Lee and GP at White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., Aug. 1869; similar to above).
f. British Newspapers (alphabetically by country and city)
England, Birmingham Weekly Post
Birmingham Weekly Post, Dec. 18, 1869, p. 3, c. 6 (GP's death on Nov. 4, 1869, in London; his Westminster Abbey funeral service on Nov. 12, 1869; funeral carriages and occupants from the Abbey to Waterloo train station; funeral train from London to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869; handing over ceremonies and speeches by U.S. Minister to Britain Motley to HMS Monarch's Capt. Commerell; and placing GP's coffin aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England).
England, Boston Guardian
Boston Guardian, Nov. 27, 1869, p. 2, c. 5 (Plans for the handing over ceremony of GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869, and the placing of the coffin aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England).
England, Brechin AdvertiserAdvertiser
Brechin Advertiser, Nov. 30, 1869, p. 3, c. 3 (Similar to Boston Guardian, Nov. 27, 1869, p. 2, c. 5, immediately above).
England, Brighton Daily News
Brighton Daily News, Nov. 15, 1869, p. 5, c. 4 (Bishop of London's sermon on GP's life and influence, Westminster Abbey, Sunday, Nov. 14, 1869. Similar to New York Times, Nov. 27, 1869, p. 1, c. 6-7).
Brighton Daily News, Dec. 13, 1869, p. 3, c. 1-2 (Sat., Dec. 11, 1869, 7:00 A.M., a cold, damp, dark morning, with Westminster Abbey's dean A.P. Stanley present, GP's coffin was taken from the Abbey to a waiting hearse, followed by other carriages, going to Waterloo Station, where a special train waited to take GP's remains to Portsmouth).
England, Brighton Gazette
Brighton Gazette, Aug. 23, 1866, "Photographic Art, "p. 5. (Reported John Mayall's life-size portrait of GP, overpainted by artist Aed Arnoult to resemble an oil painting, displayed in Mayall's Brighton studio, intended for the PIB, "a great success" and reported that it was "to be exhibited free to the working classes, on Saturday next, at the Town Hall").
England, Brighton Herald
Brighton Herald, Nov. 21, 1868, p. 3, c. 5 (GP and U.S Minister to Britain Reverdy Johnson were in Brighton, England, Nov. 1868. Reverdy Johnson spoke at a Nov. 21 public dinner in Brighton).
Brighton Herald, Nov. 28, 1868, p. 4, c. 2-3 (Similar to Brighton Herald, Nov. 21, 1868, p. 3, c. 5, immediately above. GP and Reverdy Johnson attended Christ Church, Brighton, Nov. 22, and were the subject of Rev. Robert Ainslie's sermon).
England, Brighton Guardian
Brighton Guardian, Nov. 18, 1868, p. 5, c. 6; and Nov. 25, 1868, p. 7 (Similar to Brighton Herald, Nov. 28, 1868, p. 4, c. 2-3, immediately above).
England, Brighton Observer
Brighton Observer, Nov. 12, 1869, p. 2, c. 2 (Publicity after GP's death on Nov. 4, 1869: GP was given the Freedom of the City of London, July 10, 1862, and that evening was guest of honor at the Lord Mayor of London's Mansion House banquet, in appreciation for his March 12, 1862, Peabody Donation Fund for model homes for London working poor, total gift $2.5 million. Some accounts reported that he walked home to his lodging from that banquet).
England, Liverpool. Daily Post
Daily Post, Jan. 8, 1862, p. 5, c. 1-2 (Allen S. Hanckel incident and the Trent Affair).
England, London. Anglo-American Time
Anglo-American Times, Dec. 23, 1865, p. 8, c. 1-2 (During the Civil War GP gave a total of $10,000 to the U.S. Sanitary Commission for sick and wounded Union soldiers and their dependents).
Anglo-American Times, June 26, 1869, p. 11, c. 3; and p. 16, c. 1-2 (GP arrived in NYC for his June 8 to Sept. 29, 1869, last U.S. visit).
Anglo-American Times, Aug. 14, 1869, p. 15, c. 1 (GP at White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., July 23-Aug. 30, 1869; where resolution of praise were read to him, July 28, 1869; where he spoke to and was photographed with Robert E. Lee and other northern and southern educational, political leaders, military leaders [Aug. 12]; and where a Peabody Ball was held in his honor [Aug. 11]; similar to New York Times, July 31, 1869, p. 4, c. 7; and p. 5, c. 1, entries above).
Anglo-American Times, Oct. 2, 1869, p. 9, c. 1 (Described coffin-shaped granite sarcophagus GP ordered for his grave at Harmony Grove Cemetery, Salem, Mass., mid-Sept. 1869. Recorded also that in 1854 GP asked visiting Americans James Watson Webb and Reverdy Johnson to consult with John Pendleton Kennedy and other Baltimoreans about a possible GP educational gift to that city, leading to the PIB).
Anglo-American Times, Oct. 9, 1869, p. 11, c. 2 (GP's last $400,000 PIB gift, last departure from Baltimore, Sept. 22, 1869, then to Philadelphia, and NYC where some PEF trustees saw him board the Scotia, Sept. 29, 1869, for London where he died Nov. 4, 1869; similar to New York Tribune, Sept. 23, 1869, p. 1, c. 4, entry above).
Anglo-American Times, Oct. 23, 1869, p. 11, c. 3; and Oct. 30, 1869, p. 10, c. 3 (Report of GP's arrival in London Oct. 8, 1869, from his last U.S. visit and his intent "to pass the winter in the south of France." But gravely ill, he rested until his death, Nov. 4, 1869, at the home of business friend Sir Curtis Miranda Lampson, 80 Eaton Sq., London).
Anglo-American Times, Dec. 11, 1869, p. 11, c. 1-2 (GP's death, Nov. 4, 1869, London; Westminster Abbey funeral service, Nov. 12, 1869; funeral carriages and occupants from the Abbey to Waterloo train station; funeral train from London to Portsmouth harbor, Dec. 11, 1869; Portsmouth handing over ceremonies and speeches; and placing GP's coffin aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England; similar to Birmingham [England] Weekly Post, Dec. 18, 1869, p. 3, c. 6, entry above).
Anglo-American Times, Jan. 8, 1870, p. 8, c. 2 (U.S. House Resolution No. 96 for U.S. naval reception of GP's remains from England at U.S. landing port [Portland, Me.], introduced in the House, Dec. 15, 1869, debated and passed, Dec. 21, 1869, passed in Senate, Dec. 23, 1869, and signed into law by Pres. Grant, Jan. 10, 1870; similar to New York Times, Dec. 22, 1869, p. 1, c. 4, entry above).
Anglo-American Times, Jan. 8, 1870, p. 10, c. 2 (Details of transatlantic voyage of HMS Monarch and USS Plymouth from Spithead near Portsmouth, England; to Madeira, Portugal; to Bermuda; and to New England receiving port).
England, London. Army and Navy Gazette
Army and Navy Gazette, Dec. 18, 1869, p. 802, c. 2 ("Private telegrams have been received in London from New York, stating that the honour done to the remains of the late Mr. Peabody, and to the fact that our Government having conveyed his body to America in a ship of war, has had a great effect on the States, and has gone far towards doing away with the ill-feeling caused by the Alabama difficulties. There is a story going about to the effect that the special correspondent in London of a well known American paper lately telegraphed to ask his employers what line he should take upon the Alabama question. The reply, through the cable, was, 'Let the matter drop; it's played out'").
Army and Navy Gazette, Dec. 18, 1869, p. 811, c. 1 (Transfer by train of GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor, Dec. 11, 1869, and the handing over ceremony of the coffin to HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England).
England, London. British Army Dispatch
British Army Dispatch, July 9, 1852, p. 445, c. 1-3 (GP's June 17 and July 4, 1852, London dinners and speeches, attended by U.S. Minister Abbott Lawrence, Wm. Brown, Thomson Hankey, Thurlow Weed, and J.C. Frémont; similar to Washington, D.C., Republic, July 10, 1852, p. 2, c. 5, entry above).
England, London. Catholic Opinion
Catholic Opinion, Nov. 20, 1869, p. 462, c. 1 (The erroneous report of a GP statue planned in Rome after GP's death, Nov. 4, 1869, London, may have been connected with R.C. Winthrop and GP's Feb. 24 or 25, 1868, interview with Pope Pius IX and GP's gift through Cardinal Antonelli to the Vatican charitable San Spirito Hospital of $19,300).
England, London. City Press
City Press, May 14, 1867 (Two subscription lists showed £2,342.19s. received as of April 1866 to erect a statue of GP in London to honor his Peabody Homes for London's working poor).
City Press, May 18, 1867 (Third subscription list showed £2,572.13s.2d. received in April 1866 to erect a GP statue in London to honor his Peabody Homes for London's working poor).
City Press, May 31, 1867 (Fourth subscription list showed amount received in May 1866 to erect a GP statue in London to honor his Peabody Homes for London's working poor).
England, London. Court Journal
Court Journal, Feb. 22, 1862, p. 183, c. 3 (Quoted Thurlow Weed's Jan. 12, 1862, letter to the Albany Evening Journal stating that GP planned a large gift of model homes for London's working poor).
Court Journal, April 7, 1866, p. 381, c. 2 (GP's second Peabody Donation Fund, April 19, 1866, gift, $500,000; total $2.5 million).
England, London. Daily News
Daily News, July 7, 1854 (U.S. Legation in London Secty. D.E. Sickles walked out in anger from GP's July 4, 1854, U.S.-British friendship dinner because GP toasted the Queen before the U.S. president; the incident attracted pro and con letters in the press for months; similar to Boston Post, July 21, 1854, p. 2, c. l, entry above).
Daily News, Nov. 8, 1869, p. 5, c. 3 ("We have received a large number of letters, urging that the honours of a public funeral are due to the late Mr. Peabody's memory").
Daily News, Dec. 13, 1869 (Handing over ceremony of GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869, and the placing of the coffin aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England; similar to plan mentioned in Ohio's Zanesville Daily Courier, Dec. 10, 1869, p. 3, c. 5, entry above).
England, London. Daily Telegraph
Daily Telegraph, April 29 and 30, 1867 (Two subscription lists of £2,342.19s. received as of April 1866 to erect a GP statue in London to honor his Peabody Homes for London's working poor; similar to City Press, May 14, 1867, entry above).
Daily Telegraph, May 16, 1867 (Third subscription list of £2,572.13s.2d. received in April 1866 to erect a GP statue in London to honor his Peabody Homes for London's working poor; similar to City Press, May 18, 1867, entry above).
Daily Telegraph, May 30, 1867 (Fourth subscription list of amount received in May 1866 to erect a GP statue in London to honor his Peabody Homes for London's working poor; similar to City Press, May 31, 1867, entry above).
Daily Telegraph, Oct. 9, 1867 (Approval of Salem, Mass.-born sculptor W.W. Story to prepare statue of GP in London [unveiled July 23, 1869]).
England, London. European Mail
European Mail, Jan. 23, 1870 (England's Solicitor General ruled that GP's real estate property in England should go to the Peabody housing fund, as GP wished; similar to New York Times, Jan. 25, 1870, p. 5, c. 3-4, entry above).
England, London. Fun
Fun, Feb. 24, 1866, p. 235 (GP's second gift to the Peabody Donation Fund, April 19, 1866, $500,000; total $2.5 million).
England, London. Illustrated London News
Illustrated London News, April 5, 1862, p. 335 (GP's March 12, 1862, letter founding the Peabody Donation Fund for homes for London's working poor, total gift $2.5 million, 1862-69).
Illustrated London News, Vol. 48, No. 1368 (April 28, 1866), pp. 409, 410 (GP at the prize-giving ceremony of the Workingmen's Industrial Exhibition. He was the first U.S. citizen and the 41st person to be made an honorary member of the Fishmongers' Co. of London, April 19, 1866, before leaving on his May 1, 1866, to May 1, 1867, U.S. visit).
Illustrated London News, May 26, 1867, p. 513 (Illustration of Queen Victoria's enameled miniature portrait done in 1867 by British artist F.A.C. Tilt, set in a frame of solid gold, given to GP in 1867 for his $2.5 million gift for Peabody model homes for London's working poor, since 1862; original in Peabody Institute Library, Peabody, Mass.).
Illustrated London News, Nov. 20, 1869, p. 26 (Engraving of GP's funeral service in London's Westminster Abbey, Nov. 12, 1869).
Illustrated London News, Vol. 55, No. 1573 (Dec. 25, 1869), pp. 648, 661 (Handing over ceremony of GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869, with the coffin placed aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England; similar to plans mentioned in Ohio's Zanesville Daily Courier, Dec. 10, 1869, p. 3, c. 5, entry above).
London.Ladies Newspaper (and Ladies Newspaper and Pictorial Times)
Ladies Newspaper and Pictorial Times, July 26, 1851, p. 43 (U.S.-British press reported favorably on GP's first large-scale [over 800 guests] U.S.-British July 4, 1851, friendship dinner at Willis's Rooms, London, in connection with the Great Exhibition, 1851. GP overcame British society's reluctance to attend by getting the Duke of Wellington as guest of honor).
Ladies Newspaper, July 1, 1869, p. 64, c. 1 (U.S. sculptor W.W. Story's model of GP's seated London statue sent to Munich, Germany, for bronze casting. GP's statue later unveiled, July 23, 1869, by the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, who eulogized GP and praised W.W. Story and U.S. Minister John Lothrop Motley, both of whom also spoke).
London. Leader
Leader, June 26, 1852, pp. 603, 708 (GP's June 17 and July 4, 1852, London dinners and speeches, attended by U.S. Minister Abbott Lawrence, Wm. Brown, Thomson Hankey, Thurlow Weed, and J.C. Frémont; similar to Washington, D.C., Republic, July 10, 1852, p. 2, c. 5, entry above).
London. Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper
Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, June 22, 1856, p. 5, c. 3 (GP's June 13, 1856, U.S.-British friendship dinner, London, to introduce new U.S. Minister to Britain George M. Dallas, with C.M. Lampson, Joseph Paxton, J.P. Kennedy, and J.S. Morgan present; held during U.S.-British irritation over the Crimea War; similar to New York Daily Times, July 4, 1856, p. 2, c. 4-5, entry above).
London. Morning Advertiser
Morning Advertiser, July 7, 1854, p. 6, c. 3-4 (U.S. London Legation Secty. D.E. Sickles walked out in anger from GP's July 4, 1854, U.S.-British friendship dinner because GP toasted the Queen before the U.S. president; incident inflamed with pro and con letters in the press for months; similar to New York Times, Sept. 6, 1854, p. 3, c. 3-5, and ff. entries above).
Morning Advertiser, July 7, 1856, p. 4, c. 1-3 (GP's July 4, 1856, London dinner. U.S. Minister to Britain George M. Dallas and GP spoke. Samuel F.B. Morse replied to a toast to "The Telegraph." Similar to New York Times, July 24, 1856, p. 2, c. 2-3, entry above).
London. Morning Herald
Morning Herald, Nov. 5, 1869, p. 4. c. 5-6; and Nov. 8, 1869, p. 3, c. 4 (To correct an earlier error saying` that GP first went to London in 1837, M.J. Powell wrote that he had seen GP in Manchester in 1832 [GP's third buying trip to Europe, May 1, 1832-May 11, 1834]. GP's first buying trip abroad was Nov. 1, 1827 to Aug. 1828, nine months; second trip, 1831 to 1832 [15 months], covering 10,000 miles in England, France, Italy, and Switzerland; fourth trip, about Aug. 1835 to July 1836; fifth trip, early Feb. 1837 to sell Md.'s $8 million bonds abroad, remaining in London, 1837-69, 32 years, except for three U.S. visits).
Morning Herald, Dec. 9, 1869, p. 6, c. 2 (Erroneous reports of statues of GP to be erected in Rome, Italy, and NYC. NYC meetings on Nov. 20 and 23, 1869, failed to gain support for a GP statue; the reason later given was that mounting honors for GP offended belief in republican simplicity).
London. Morning Post
Morning Post, Oct. 26, 1855 (GP's $10,000 gift for scientific equipment for 1853-55 Second U.S. Grinnell Expedition's search for lost British Arctic explorer Sir John Franklin; similar to Washington, D.C., Daily National Intelligencer, Feb. 1, 1853, p. 3, c. 4, entry above).
Morning Post, Dec. 13, 1869 (Handing over ceremony of GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869, with the coffin placed aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England; similar to New York Times, Dec. 14, 1869, p. 5, c. 1, entry above).
London. News of the World
News of the World, Nov. 20, 1869, p. 6, c. 2-4 (Bishop of London's sermon on GP's life and influence, Westminster Abbey, Sunday, Nov. 14, 1869. Similar to New York Times, Nov. 27, 1869, p. 1, c. 6-7).
London. Punch
Punch, July 27, 1867, p. 33 (Cartoon and long poem praising GP and Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts as the most prominent philanthropists of the time).
London. Spectator
Spectator, July 31, 1869, p. 891, c. 1-2 (Sculptor W.W. Story's remarks at July 23, 1869, unveiling of his GP seated statue in London; see also New York Times, Aug. 4, 1869, p. 5, c. 2-4, entry above).
London. Sportsman
Sportsman, Dec. 25, 1869, p. 4, c. 1 (As HMS Monarch, accompanied by USS Plymouth, left Spithead near Portsmouth harbor, England, Dec. 21, 1869, to deliver GP's remains for burial in Mass., some urged naming a newly opened London street leading from the Mansion House to Blackfriar's Bridge Peabody Street. The Sportsman's editor was mildly critical that the Metropolitan Board of Works chose instead to call it Queen Victoria Street).
London. Standard
Standard, May 25, 1866 (Appeal for funds to erect a GP statue in London to honor his Peabody Homes for London's working poor).
Standard, May 20, 1867 (Fourth subscription list showed £2,572.13s.2d. received in May 1866 to erect a statue of GP in London to honor his Peabody Homes for London's working poor).
London. Sun
Sun, July 11, 1851, p. 1, c. 5-6 (U.S.-British press reported favorably on GP's first large-scale [over 800 guests] U.S.-British July 4, 1851, friendship dinner at Willis's Rooms, London, in connection with the Great Exhibition, 1851, London. GP overcame British society's reluctance to attend by getting the Duke of Wellington as guest of honor).
Sun, Oct. 30, 1869, p. 2, c. 6 (Queen Victoria's invitation, Oct. 30, 1869, for GP to visit and rest at Windsor Castle. Too ill, he died Nov. 4, 1869; similar to New York Tribune, Nov. 12, 1869, p. 1, c. 1, entry above).
Sun, Nov. 1, 1869, p. 3, c. 5 (Report of GP's declining health at business friend Sir Curtis Miranda Lampson's 80 Eaton Sq., London home; similar to London's Anglo-American Times, Oct. 23, 1869, p. 11, c. 3; and Oct. 30, 1869, p. 10, c. 3. entries above).
Sun, Dec. 13, 1869, p. 2, c. 2 (GP's death, Nov. 4, 1869, London; Westminster Abbey funeral service, Nov. 12, 1869; funeral carriages and occupants from the Abbey to Waterloo train station; funeral train from London to Portsmouth harbor, Dec. 11, 1869; Portsmouth handing over ceremonies and speeches; and placing GP's coffin aboard HMS
Following Background "Preface" below this concluding 14 of 14 blogs covers from References: Newspapers, New York Daily Times, Sept. 24, 1856 to End of Manuscript.
Background: "Preface" in 1 of 14 tells the why-when-where-how-findings-and-motives of the authors’ research on Franklin Parker’s doctoral dissertation, “George Peabody, Founder of Modern Philanthropy,” completed 1956 at George Peabody College for Teachers, adjoining Vanderbilt University, which on July 1, 1979, became Peabody College of Vanderbilt University, Nashville.
George Peabody, so well known in the 1850s-60s but since sadly neglected, was a significant 19th century figure as: 1-a Massachusetts-born merchant in the U.S. South: Riggs & Peabody, later Peabody & Riggs (1814-38), who imported dry goods and other commodities (worldwide) for sale to U.S. wholesalers. George Peabody then became: 2-a London-based merchant-banker, George Peabody & Co. (1838-64), who financed in part the B&O RR, the 2nd Mexican War Loan, the Atlantic Cable, and with J.S. Morgan as partner, was the root of the JP Morgan international banking firm. Finally, this merchant-turned-banker became: 3-the best known philanthropist of his time (1850s-60s), who founded the Peabody Homes of London for the working poor; in the U.S. 7 Peabody Libraries and Lecture Halls; the Peabody Conservatory of Music, Baltimore; three Peabody Museums at Harvard (Anthropology), Yale (Paleontology), and the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA (maritime history); and founder of the Peabody Education Fund for the South (1867-1914), basis for all later larger U.S. funds and foundations. End of Background.
New York Daily Times, Sept. 24, 1856, p. 1, c. 5 (GP declined public dinner offered by NYC delegation greeting him on his arrival on the Atlantic, Sept. 15, 1856, after nearly 20 years' absence in London. He explained that he had promised to be greeted first publicly by his hometown friends in South Danvers, Mass.).
New York Times, Oct. 10, 1856, p. 1, c. 3 and Oct. 11, 1856, p. 2, c. 1-5 (Danvers, Mass., Oct. 9, 1856, reception for GP on his first U.S. visit after 20 years' absence in London; also in Proceedings, 1856, pp. 115-119, under References: books, entry above).
New York Times, Oct. 14, 1856, p. 2, c. 4 (GP's $10,000 science equipment gift for 1853-55 Second U.S. Grinnell Expedition's search for lost British Arctic explorer Sir John Franklin; similar to Washington, D.C., Daily National Intelligencer, Feb. 1, 1853, p. 3, c. 4, entry above).
New York Daily Times, Oct. 23, 1856, p. 4, c. 3 (Danvers, Mass., Oct. 9, 1856, reception for GP on his first U.S. visit after 20 years' absence in London; also in Proceedings, 1856, pp. 115-119, under References: books, entry above).
New York Daily Times, Feb. 4, 1857, p. 1, c. 2 (Public receptions and speeches which accompanied GP's Sept. 15, 1856-Aug. 19, 1857, U.S. visit after nearly 20 years in London, included two in Baltimore, Jan. 30, 1857, at the Md. Historical Society; and Feb. 2, 1857, at the Md. Institute; before his Feb. 12, 1857, PIB founding letter).
New York Daily Times, Aug. 12, 1857, p. 1, c. 6 (Elaborate farewell banquet, Aug. 10, 1857, at William Shepard Wetmore’s fashionable Newport, R.I., home, nine days before GP left NYC, Aug. 19, 1857, to return to England; similar to NYC Evening Post, Aug. 12, 1857, p. 1; and R.I. Newport Mercury, Aug. 15, 1857).
New York Times, Feb. 9, 1858, p. 4, c. 6. (To correct late Dec. 1857 press report of his firm's Bank of England loan in the Panic of 1857, GP wrote the editor that he owed creditors ƒ2.3 million [not ƒ30 million as reported] when he applied for a ƒ800,000 loan, but took only ƒ300,000, and that at the time of the loan, he had paid ƒ1.5 million of the ƒ2.3 million he owed creditors. "Our losses," he wrote, "will be but trifling").
New York Times, Feb. 18, 1858, p. 4, c. 6 (GP wrote the New York Times editor again to correct late Dec. 1857 press report of his firm's Bank of England loan in the Panic of 1857. GP wrote that he had secured the loan not on securities, which the charter of the Bank of England forbade, but on English friends who guaranteed ƒ90,000 of his firm's ƒ300,000 loan).
New York Times, Aug. 4, 1858, p. 2, c. 1-2 (GP's July 9, 1858, Crystal Palace dinner for 50 Americans, including U.S. Minister to Britain G.M. Dallas and family, Baltimorean John Pendleton Kennedy, and London Times editor Marmaduke Blake Sampson).
New York Times, Aug. 8, 1858, p. 2, c. 1-2 (GP's July 22, 1858, dinner, toasts, speeches, Star and Garter, Richmond near London, attended by 30 Britons and 60 Americans, with U.S. Minister to France John Young Mason as guest of honor, and guests including Baltimorean John Pendleton Kennedy and New York Times founder and first editor Henry Jarvis Raymond).
New York Times, Jan. 12, 1860, p. 1, c. 6 (Reprinted GP's Dec. 23, 1859, letter to the Baltimore American editor denying rumor of a rift between himself and his partner J.S. Morgan after the Panic of 1857, denying the charge made of GP using the London Times to attack rivals, and denying other allegations and inaccuracies, made in Editor James Gordon Bennett's New York Herald, Sept. 20, 1859, p. 2, c. 2; and Oct. 12, 1859, p. 2, c. 2).
New York Times, May 23, 1861, p. 1, c. 1 (Report that Confederate emissary Ambrose Dudley Mann tried to get GP to sell Confederate bonds to European investors but was "firmly repulsed").
New York Times, April 9, 1862, p. 8, c. 5; and p. 9, c. 2 (Editorial and British press favorable reaction to GP's March 12, 1862, $750,000 gift for housing London's working poor).`
New York Times, March 15, 1866, p. 4, c. 5 (GP's second gift of $500,000 to Peabody Donation Fund for London housing, April 19, 1866. GP's total gift, 1862-69, $2.5 million).
New York Times, April 16, 1866, p. 1, c. 4; and April 27, 1866, p. 1, c. 6 (Queen Victoria's March 28, 1866, letter to GP thanking him for his March 12, 1862, Peabody Donation Fund, London, to build apartments for London's working poor; and stating that she was having a miniature portrait of herself especially painted for him. Also, GP's April 3, 1866, reply to Queen Victoria).
New York Times, May 1, 1866 (GP present at the prize-giving ceremony of the Workingmen's Industrial Exhibition, London).
New York Times, May 3, 1866, p. 4, c. 6; and p. 11, c. 1 (GP arrived in NYC on his May 1, 1866 to May 1, 1867, U.S. visit).
New York Times, June 20, 1866, p. 2, c. 6 (GP's correspondence with Boston citizens).
New York Times, Oct. 21, 1866, p. 4, c. 5 (Peabody Museum of Harvard Univ. gift, $150,000).
New York Times, Oct. 23, 1866, p.1, c. 6 (GP's additional $500,000 gift to the PIB on Oct. 19, 1866).
New York Times, Oct. 24, 1866, p. 4, c. 7 (Peabody Museum of Yale Univ. gift, $150,000).
New York Times, Oct. 27, 1866, p. 4, c. 3-4 (Defense of GP by anonymous letter writer answering "S.P.Q.'s" letter printed in NYC Evening Post, Oct. 25, 1866, p. 2, c. 2, charging GP as Civil War profiteer at the Union's expense, of not contributing to the U.S. Sanitary Commission, and of giving money to the London poor rather than money to raise and clothe a single Union recruit).
New York Times, Oct. 27, 1866, p. 4, c. 3; and p. 5, c. 1-2 (GP's philanthropies. Account of the PIB dedication and opening, Oct. 24-25, 1866, including speeches by GP and others).
New York Times, Oct. 31, 1866, p. 4, c. 7 (Letter writer identified as "A Twenty-Five Years' Acquaintance" [may have been Thurlow Weed] defended GP as Union supporter against 1-"S.P.Q.'s" charges printed in NYC Evening Post, Oct. 25, 1866, p. 2, c. 2, that GP was a Civil War profiteer at the Union's expense, that GP never contributed to the U.S. Sanitary Commission, and that he gave money to the London poor rather than money to raise and clothe a single Union recruit; and against similar charges by 2-owner-editor Samuel Bowles, Springfield Daily Republican, Oct. 27, 1866, p. 4, c. 2).
New York Times, Nov. 8, 1866, p. 1, c. 7 (GP's $25,000 gift, Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., for professorship of math and natural science).
New York Times, Nov. 18, 1866, p. 5, c. 5 (PIB trustees' letter of thanks to GP for his Oct. 19, 1866, additional $500,000 gift).
New York Times, Feb. 9, 1867, p. 1, c. 7; and Feb. 11, 1867 (First meeting of PEF trustees, Willard's Hotel, Washington, D.C., Feb. 8, 1867; and other facts about PEF $l million gift).
New York Times, March 9, 1867, p. 1, c. 5 (On Congressional gold medal to GP in thanks for the PEF, similar to New York Herald, May 29, 1868, p. 3, c. 6, entry above).
New York Times, March 26, 1867, p. 8, c. 1 (Meeting of PEF trustees).
New York Times, April 1, 1867, p.1, c. 6 (Description of Queen Victoria's gift to GP of her portrait by British artist F.A.C. Tilt, a photo of which in miniature was enameled on porcelain and set in a gold frame; seen by GP March 1867, deposited in specially built vault, Peabody Institute Library, Peabody, Mass., since April 28, 1868).
New York Times, April 9, 1867, p. 5, c. 3 (GP's reply to invitation from Charleston, S.C. board of trade).
New York Times, April 21, 1867, p. 1, c. 7 (PEF proposed plan to aid public education in the eleven former Confederate states plus W.Va., added because of its poverty).
New York Times, April 21, 1867, p. 6, c. 1-2 (GP's April 18, 1867, farewell speech in Georgetown, Mass.: "Here, since the earliest days of New England, my maternal ancestors lived and died. More of my family connections live here now than any other place. More than sixty years ago, I distinctly remember, a promised visit to Rowley was one of my brightest anticipations. Here my mother was born, she whom I loved so much, whose memory I revere. Here she passed her childhood and therefore these scenes are to me consecrated ground").
New York Times, May 8, 1867, p. 5, c. 2-3 (On GP's April 2, 1867, $15,000 gift for a Georgetown, D.C. library fund; similar to D.C., Georgetown Courier, March 2, 1867, p. 3, c. 1, entry above).
New York Times, Jan. 11, 1868, p. 5, c. 2 (John Greenleaf Whittier later wrote that he would not have written "Memorial Hymn," a poem read Jan. 8, 1868, at the dedication of Memorial Church, Georgetown, Mass., GP built in his mother's memory in her hometown, had he known of GP's condition, that the church "exclude political and other subjects not in keeping with its religious purpose." See Higginson, Thomas Wentworth, entry above).
New York Times, May 26, 1868, p. 2, c. 2-3 (On Congressional gold medal to GP for the PEF, similar to New York Herald, May 29, 1868, p. 3, c. 6, entry above).
New York Times, Aug. 4, 1868, p. 2, c. 2 (Recalled details of GP's first large-scale [over 800 guests] U.S.-British July 4, 1851, friendship dinner, Willis's Rooms, London, in connection with the Great Exhibition, 1851, London. GP overcame British society's reluctance to attend by getting the Duke of Wellington as guest of honor).
New York Times, Jan. 29, 1869, p. 5, c. 5 (On Congressional gold medal to GP for the PEF, similar to New York Herald, May 29, 1868, p. 3, c. 6, entry above).
New York Times, June 9, 1869, p. 5, c. 1-2 (On GP's arrival in NYC for his June 8 to Sept. 29, 1869, last U.S. visit; described Peabody Homes of London; article was sympathetic to GP on many begging letters sent him and the abuse heaped on him when they were unanswered).
New York Times, June 19, 1869, p. 4, c. 2 (Obituary of Henry Jarvis Raymond, founder and first editor of the New York Times, who was at GP's July 22, 1858, dinner, Star and Garter Hotel, Richmond, near London, attended by about 60 Americans and 30 Britons. U.S. Minister to France John Young Mason was guest of honor. H.J. Raymond toasted "the Press." Baltimorean John Pendleton Kennedy toasted "the City of London." See: New York Times, Aug. 8, 1858, p. 2, c.1-2, entry above).
New York Times, July 16, 1869, p. 1, c. 6 ; and July 20, 1869, p. 4, c. 7 (GP spoke at July 14-16, 1869, dedication of Peabody Institute Library, Danvers, Mass.; and Oliver Wendell Holmes read his "George Peabody" poem, July 16, 1869; similar to Peabody Press, July 14, 1869, p. 2, c. 2, 4-5, entry above).
New York Times, July 31, 1869, p. 4, c. 7; and p. 5, c. 1 (GP visited Greenbrier Hotel, White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., July 23-Aug. 30, 1869. Former Va. Gov. H.A. Wise and others composed resolution of praise read to GP, July 28, 1869: "On behalf of the Southern people we tender thanks to Mr. Peabody for his aid to the cause of education...and hail him 'benefactor.'" GP's reply was also printed. GP spoke to and was photographed with Robert E. Lee, other former Civil War generals, and northern and southern educational and political leaders [Aug. 12]. A spontaneous Peabody Ball was held in his honor [Aug. 11]. Too ill to attend, he heard the merrymaking from his bungalow).
New York Times, Aug. 4, 1869, p. 2, c. 1 (GP won praise for his $15,000 loan to U.S. exhibitors at the Great Exhibition, 1851, London, who were without U.S. congressional funds to display U.S. art and industrial products. GP was repaid by U.S. Congress three years later).
New York Times, Aug. 4, 1869, p. 5, c. 2-4 (U.S. Minister to Britain John Lothrop Motley's remarks on July 23, 1869, unveiling of GP's seated statue in London).
New York Times, Nov. 13, 1869, p. 3, c. 1 (Cited as source by GP funeral researcher Howard Allen Welch for U.S. Rear Adm. William Radford being instructed to send U.S. ship as GP funeral vessel. Queen Victoria and the government decided to outfit HMS Monarch as the funeral ship; it was escorted by USS Plymouth).
New York Times, Nov. 14, 1869, p. 3, c. 7 (On GP's Nov. 4, 1869, death in London; his family and antecedents).
New York Times, Nov. 26, 1869, p. 2, c. 2-3 (New York Times London reporter wrote of GP's Nov. 12, 1869, Westminster Abbey funeral service: "My trans-Atlantic heart beat...quicker at the thought of clergy and nobility, Prime Minister and people, of this great realm gathered to lay [GP] among sleeping Kings and statesmen. The crowd outside was, if possible, more interesting than that within. The gaunt, famished London poor were gathered in thousands to testify their respect for the foreigner who has done more than any Englishman for their class, and whose last will contains an additional bequest to them of £150,000").
New York Times, Nov. 27, 1869, p. 1, c. 6-7 (Bishop of London's sermon on GP's life and influence, Westminster Abbey, Sunday, Nov. 14, 1869).
New York Times, Dec. 14, 1869, p. 5, c. 1 (Handing over ceremony of GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869, and placing the coffin aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England).
New York Times, Dec. 22, 1869, p. 1, c. 4 (U.S. House Resolution No. 96 asked Pres. U.S. Grant to order a naval reception of GP's remains from England on U.S. territory "with the...dignity of a great people." This resolution was introduced in the House on Dec. 15, 1869, debated and passed on Dec. 21, 1869, passed in the Senate on Dec. 23, 1869, and signed into law by Pres. Grant on Jan. 10, 1870).
New York Times, Dec. 23, 1869, p. 2, c. 3-4 (Thurlow Weed, "The Late George Peabody; A Vindication of his Course During the Civil War," reprinted in Historical Collections of the Danvers Historical Society, Vol. 19 [1931], pp. 9-15; similar to Weed, Thurlow-a, entry under References: books, above).
New York Times, Jan. 25, 1870, p. 5, c. 3-4 (At GP's Nov. 4, 1869, death England's Solicitor General had to determine the legality of his property as a foreigner. It was determined that in 1866 GP bought through business friend and naturalized British subject Sir Curtis M. Lampson just over 13 acres of land at Stockwell near London, that he gave it in his will to the Peabody Donation Fund, that while it reverted to the Crown because he was not a British subject, the Crown in turn gave it to the Peabody Donation Fund of London).
New York Times, Jan. 27, 1870, p. 1, c. 5-7 (During his 1866-67 U.S. visit GP told friends in NYC about the only instance he made money in the Civil War involving Confederate bonds. In London early in the Civil War some investment capitalists asked his advice about buying Confederate bonds. He said that such bonds would depreciate within a year. Doubting him, a few asked that he write down this opinion, and that whosoever was right, he or they, would win a $60,000 wager. A year later when the bonds depreciated GP held them to the wager and said that was the only money he ever made from Confederate bonds. Md. legislature's resolutions on GP's death, which read in part: "...his name will stand preeminent in history...generations yet unborn will learn to venerate his memory." Robert Charles Winthrop and citizens' committee left Boston Jan. 26, 1870, for the Portland, Me., naval reception and for the Peabody, Mass., eulogy and burial. Arrival in Portland, Me., of U.S. naval squadron to receive HMS Monarch funeral ship and accompanying USS Plymouth. Has list and history of GP's philanthropies).
New York Times, Feb. 2, 1870, p. 5, c. 1-3 (Transfer on Jan. 29, 1870, of GP's coffin from HMS Monarch to Portland City Hall, Me.; the many visitors on Jan. 31 to the lying in state in the Portland City Hall auditorium, specially decorated by marine artist Harrison Bird Brown; and the transfer of the coffin from Portland City Hall on Feb. 1, 1870, to a specially decorated funeral train. The train's route went to Kennebunk, Me.; Portsmouth, N.H.; and in Mass. to Newburyport, Ipswich, Beverly, and Peabody, Mass.).
New York Times, Feb 9, 1870, p. 1, c. 4-7 (Described Boston's C.W. Barth and staff's solemn decoration of the Peabody Institute Library's main reading room for GP's last lying in state, Peabody, Mass., Feb. 1-8, 1870. Philanthropic advisor Robert Charles Winthrop's widely reprinted Feb. 8, 1870, GP funeral eulogy, South Congregational Church, Peabody, Mass.: 1-how GP first shared with Winthrop his gifts ideas, possibly May 9, 1866, or in Oct. 1866, at Winthrop's home, Brookline, Mass. When Winthrop expressed amazement, GP said: "Why Mr. Winthrop, this is no new idea to me. From the earliest of my manhood, I have contemplated some such disposition of my property; and I have prayed my heavenly Father, day by day, that I might be enabled, before I died, to show my gratitude for the blessings which he has bestowed upon me by doing some great good to my fellow-men." 2-Described GP's Nov 4, 1869, death at business friend Sir Curtis Miranda Lampson's 80 Eaton Sq., London home; Nov. 12, 1869, Westminster Abbey funeral service; transatlantic journey of remains aboard HMS Monarch; landing at Portland, Maine, Jan. 25, 1870; funeral train to Peabody, Mass. Final burial, Harmony Grove Cemetery, Salem, Mass., Feb. 8, 1870).
New York Times, Feb. 27, 1870, p. 3 (Adm. David Glasgow Farragut was ill with pneumonia when placed in charge of U.S. naval reception of GP's remains at Portland, Me., Jan. 25-Feb. 1, 1870, and died seven months later, Aug. 14, 1870. He arrived in Portland Jan. 22 with his wife and secretary, was met by the Portland funeral committee, and was escorted to the Falmouth Hotel to rest, while Mrs. Farragut visited her son, Lt. Farragut, Third U.S. Artillery, at nearby Fort Preble).
New York Times, June 27, 916, p. 11, c. 4. (Obituary of Colonel William Beals, the Boston decorator who furbished Car No. 77, Eastern RR, carrying GP's remains from Portland, Me., to Peabody, Mass., Feb. 1, 1870. His obit. is listed in N.Y. Times Obituaries Index [1916], p. 59).
New York Times, May 13, 1926, p. 14, c. 1-2 (GP was one of 29 most famous Americans elected to the N.Y.U. Hall of Fame, 1900. In 1901 a tablet was unveiled and on May 12, 1926 a GP bust was unveiled, made by sculptor Hans Schuler, with an address by GPCFT Pres. Bruce R. Payne; similar to Baltimore Sun, May 9, 1926, Part 2, Sect. 1, p. 10, c. 2-5, entry above).
New York Times, March 31, 1964, p. 25, c. 2-3; April 1, 1964, p. 1, c. 2, continued p. 27, c. 2-4; April 2, 1964, p. 18, c. 2; April 3, 1964, p. 23, c. 2 (Mass. Gov. Endicott "Chubb" Peabody's mother, Mary Elizabeth [née Parkman] Peabody, wife of Episcopal Bishop Rt. Rev. Malcolm Endicott Peabody and cousin of former First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt, made headlines when at age 72 she was arrested overnight for protesting segregation in a St. Augustine, Fla. diner, March 31, 1964).
New York Times, Sunday, Feb. 28, 1988, John Gross, "A Banker with a Gift for Giving, A Golden Touch and a Taste for Dining Well," Section 2, p. 39, c.1 ("Creating a Legend: George Peabody and the House of Morgan," part of a larger Pierpont Morgan Library of N.Y. exhibit, shown from about Feb. 28 through May 8, 1988, described GP's career, his founding of George Peabody & Co., London, that firm's subsequent history, and other facts, and illustrated with a GP portrait and menus from GP's London U.S.-British friendship dinners).
New York Times, Nov. 28, 1989, Steven Prokesch, "Germans to Buy Morgan Grenfell," p. 29, article continued as "Deutsche Bank to Acquire Morgan Grenfell," p. 42 (George Peabody & Co., London, 1838-64, became J.S. Morgan & Co., 1864-1909, became Morgan Grenfell & Co., 1909-90, and Deutsche Morgan Grenfell since June 29, 1990, a German-owned bank).
New York Times, July 14, 1995, XIII, CN, p. 17, c. 1, Bess Liebenson. "The Country's First Modern Philanthropist" (Described plans for celebrating the bicentennial of GP's birth [1795-1995] in the U.S. and in London. Showed portrait of a seated GP, commissioned to honor his Oct. 22, 1866, $150,000 gift founding the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale University).
New York Times, July 14, 1996, p. 29, Marialisa Calta, "Gimme Shelter" (Described the Greenbrier Hotel, White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., when, during the Eisenhower cold war years it had a secret deep bunker for government officials in case of nuclear attack. The bunker, never used, was on alert during the 1962 Cuban missile crisis, a fact made public in 1992. GP on his last U.S. visit was at the Greenbrier, July 23-Aug. 30, 1869).
New York Tribune
New York Tribune, March 11, 1867, p. 2, c. 3 (GP reported to the press that about 4,000 letters begging for funds were burned in his presence).
New York Tribune, July 16, 1869, p. 2, c. 2-3 (GP spoke at July 14-16, 1869, dedication of Peabody Institute Library, Danvers, Mass.; and Oliver Wendell Holmes read his "George Peabody" poem, July 16, 1869; similar to Peabody Press, July 14, 1869, p. 2, c. 2, 4-5, entry above).
New York Tribune, Sept. 23, 1869, p. 1, c. 4 (GP's last $400,000 PIB gift and last Baltimore departure, Sept. 22, 1869).
New York Tribune, Nov. 12, 1869, p. 1, c. 1 (Queen Victoria's invitation, Oct. 30, 1869, for GP to visit and rest at Windsor Castle. Too ill, he died Nov. 4, 1869).
New York Tribune, Dec. 14, 1869, p. 1, c. 1 (GP's last will was written and witnessed in NYC, Sept. 9, 1869, and recorded in Salem, Mass., Sept. 10, 1869; similar to Salem Observer [Mass.], Jan. 15, 1870, entry above. Described handing over ceremony of GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869, and the coffin placed aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England).
New York Semi-Weekly Tribune, Dec. 28, 1869 (On the GP-Esther Elizabeth Hoppin broken engagement. Similar to Biddle, Edward, and Mantle Field, above under References: books).
New York Tribune, Jan. 20, 1870, p. 4, c. 5 (GP's real estate property in England given at his death to his Peabody housing fund with approval of England's Solicitor General; similar to
New York Times, Jan. 25, 1870, p. 5, c. 3-4 , entry above).
New York Semi-Weekly Tribune, Friday, Jan. 28, 1870, n.p. (Howard Glyndon's poem, "The Coming of the Silent Guest," republished in George Peabody House Museum, Vol. 2, Issue 3 (May 2001), p. 3).
New York World
New York World, Sept. 14, 1869, p. 12, c. 2 (Gen. J. Bankhead Magruder stated that the main photo of GP, Lee, Corcoran, Civil War generals, and others, Greenbrier Hotel, White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., was taken after GP consented to be its central figure, Aug. 12, 1869. Photos are also in Conte, pp. 69-71; Dabney, Vol. 1, facing p. 83; Freeman-a, 1935, appendix [incorrect identification]; Freeman-b, 1947, Vol. 4, p. 438 [correct identification]; Kocher and Dearstyne, pp. 189-190; Lanier, ed., Vol. 5, p. 4; Meredith, pp. 84-85; Miller, ed., Vol. 10, p. 4; Murphy, p. 58).
New York World, Sept. 23, 1869, p. 3, c. 6 (GP's last $400,000 PIB gift and last Baltimore departure, Sept. 22, 1869, then to Philadelphia, and NYC where some PEF trustees saw him board the Scotia, Sept. 29, 1869, for London; similar to
New York Tribune, Sept. 23, 1869, p. 1, c. 4, entry above).
New York, NYC. Spirit of the Times
Spirit of the Times, July 26, 1851, p. 1, c. 2; and Aug. 2, 1851, p. 279 (U.S.-British press reported favorably on GP's first large-scale [over 800 guests] U.S.-British July 4, 1851, friendship dinner, Willis's Rooms, London, in connection with the Great Exhibition of 1851. GP overcame British society's reluctance to attend by getting the Duke of Wellington as guest of honor).
N .Y., Oswego. Oswego Daily Times
Oswego Daily Times, April 25, 1857, p. 3, c. 1 (On April 25, 1857, GP and business friend Curtis Miranda Lampson were in Oswego, N.Y., to look into the affairs of the Syracuse and Binghamton Railroad, of which GP was a large stockholder. They met with several businessmen at Luther Wright's bank to discuss how to finance the completion of the railroad line from Syracuse to Oswego).
Asheville Citizen-Times
Asheville Citizen-Times, Nov. 28, 1992, Ulrike Huhs, "Peabody Conservatory Generates Sounds of the Future," p. C-4 (The Peabody Conservatory of Music of Johns Hopkins Univ. had the first computer music department which, with the Johns Hopkins Univ. engineering school, initiated an electronic music degree).
Ohio , Cincinnati. Daily Cincinnati Gazette
Daily Cincinnati Gazette, July 30, 1852, p. 2, c. 3 (GP's June 17 and July 4, 1852, London dinners and speeches, attended by U.S. Minister Abbott Lawrence, Wm. Brown, Thomson Hankey, Thurlow Weed, and J.C. Frémont; similar to Washington, D.C., Republic, July 10, 1852, p. 2, c. 5, entry above).
Daily Cincinnati Gazette, April 1l, 1857, p. 2, c. 1 (GP's March-April 1857 tour in the U.S. South and West; similar to Mobile (Ala.) Daily Tribune, March 5, 1857, entry above).
Ohio , Zanesville. Zanesville Daily Courier
Zanesville Daily Courier, Aug. 7, 1869, p. 2, c. 4 (for Daily Courier reporter Mr. Reamy's account of July 23, 1869, unveiling of GP's seated statue in London; see also New York Times, Aug. 4, 1869, p. 5, c. 2-4, entry above).
Zanesville Daily Courier, Dec. 10, 1869, p. 3, c. 5 (Plan for transferring GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869, and the coffin placed aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England).
Zanesville Daily Courier, Dec. 14, 1869, p. 3, c. 5 (GP's last will was written and witnessed in NYC, Sept. 9, 1869, and recorded in Salem, Mass., Sept. 10, 1869; similar to Salem Observer [Mass.], Jan. 15, 1870, entry above).
Zanesville Daily Courier, Jan. 28, 1870, p. 2, c. 4 (GP's real estate property in England given at his death to his Peabody housing fund approved by England's Solicitor General; similar to New York Times, Jan. 25, 1870, p. 5, c. 3-4 , entry above).
Zanesville Daily Signal
Zanesville Daily Signal, Nov. 24, 1869 (Quoted unknown NYC Post correspondent who interviewed GP during the Civil War and found him a staunch Unionist).
Zanesville Daily Signal, Nov. 27, 1869, p. 3, c. 2 (GP's last will was written and witnessed in NYC, Sept. 9, 1869, and recorded in Salem, Mass., Sept. 10, 1869; similar to Salem Observer [Mass.], Jan. 15, 1870, entry above).
Zanesville Daily Signal, Dec. 11, 1869, p. 2, c. 3 (Plan for transferring GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869, with the coffin placed aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England; similar to Ohio's Zanesville Daily Courier, Dec. 10, 1869, p. 3, c. 5, entry above).
Zanesville Daily Signal, Dec. 15, 1869, p. 2, c. 3 (GP's last will, Sept. 9, 1869; similar to Zanesville Daily Courier, Dec. 14, 1869, p. 3, c. 5, entry above).
Penn ., Philadelphia (Phila.) Dollar Newspaper
Dollar Newspaper, Jan. 19, 1848, p. 3, c. 7 (Obituary of Alexander Lardner, who married Esther Elizabeth Hoppin from Providence, R.I. GP was engaged to Esther Elizabeth Hoppin during 1838-39 in London when she attended Queen Victoria's coronation. She broke the engagement, married her earlier beau, Alexander Lardner. They lived in Philadelphia and had two children. Artist Thomas Sully's 1840 portrait of her is in NYC's Frick Art Reference Library. She died in 1905. See: her obituary in Philadelphia Public Ledger, June 13, 1905, p. 7, c. 2, below).
Penn., Philadelphia Press
Philadelphia Press, Dec. 10, 1873, John W. Forney, "In Memorial: Death of Charles Macalester" (Obituary of Philadelphia financier Charles Macalester, who met GP in London, 1842, became GP's Philadelphia agent, and was one of the 16 original PEF trustees and member of the PEF Finance Committee).
Penn., PhiladelphiaPublic Ledger
Public Ledger, Jan. 15, 1848, p. 2, c. 4 (Alexander Lardner's obituary, husband of Esther Elizabeth Hoppin, engaged to GP, 1838-39, London; similar to Phila.’sDollar Newspaper, Jan. 19, 1848, p. 3, c. 7, entry above . Hoppin's obituary is in Phila’s Public Ledger, June 13, 1905, p. 7, c. 2, below).
Public Ledger, Dec. 10, 1873, "Decease of Charles Macalester, Esq." (Obituary of Philadelphia financier Charles Macalester, once GP's Philadelphia agent, one of the 16 original PEF trustees, and member of the PEF Finance Committee; similar to Philadelphia Press, Dec. 10, 1873, by John W. Forney).
Public Ledger, June 13, 1905, p. 7, c. 2 (Obituary of Esther Elizabeth Hoppin from Providence, R.I., engaged to GP during 1838-39 in London after she attended Queen Victoria's coronation. She broke the engagement, married her earlier beau, Alexander Lardner, who died in 1848. They lived in Philadelphia and had two children. She died in 1905. Artist Thomas Sully's 1840 portrait of her is in NYC's Frick Art Reference Library. See: Alexander Lardner's obituary, Phila.’s Dollar Newspaper, Jan. 19, 1848, p. 3, c. 7 and Phila.’s Public Ledger, Jan. 15, 1848, p. 2, c. 4, above).
Phila.’s North American and United States Gazette
North American and United States Gazette, Jan. 20, 1848, p. 2, c. 7 (On GP's broken engagement to Esther Elizabeth Hoppin from Providence, R.I., 1838-39, in London; similar fuller account in Phila.’s Public Ledger, June 13, 1905, p. 7, c. 2, entry above).
North American and United States Gazette, July 23, 1851, p. 1, c. 4 (Details of and praise for GP's July 4, 1851, London, U.S.-British friendship dinner during the Great Exhibition of 1851, London, successful because of the Duke of Wellington's attendance as guest of honor).
Pennsylvania Inquirer and National Gazette
Pennsylvania Inquirer and National Gazette, Jan. 20, 1848, p. 2, c. 7 (Alexander Lardner's obituary, husband of Esther Elizabeth Hoppin, engaged to GP, 1838-39, London; similar to Phila.’s Dollar Newspaper, Jan. 19, 1848, p. 3, c. 7, entry above . Hoppin's obituary is in Phila.’s Public Ledger, June 13, 1905, p. 7, c. 2).
Penn., Pittsburgh
Evening Chronicle, April 14, 1857, p. 1, c. 1-3 (GP's March-April 1857 tour in the U.S. South and West; similar to Mobile (Ala.) Daily Tribune, March 5, 1857, entry above. In Pittsburgh, Penn., GP stayed with Capt. and Mrs. Edward W.H. Schenley, April 14-16, 1857, as noted in entry immediately below).
Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph. Shine, Bernice, "Schenley Park Donated by Girl Whose Romance Shocked a Queen," September 15, 1941 (GP stayed in Pittsburgh, Penn., with Capt. and Mrs. Edward W.H. Schenley during April 14-16, 1857, where a reception was held in his honor. She later donated land for Schenley Park in Pittsburgh).
Penn., Washington, Washington Weekly Reporter
Washington Weekly Reporter, Aug. 9, 1854, p. 2, c. 5 (GP gave $1,000 to the Washington National Monument, Washington, D.C., July 4, 1854, at the suggestion of Washington, D.C., business friend William Wilson Corcoran).
R.I., Newport, Newport Mercury
Newport Mercury, Aug. 15, 1857 (Elaborate farewell banquet, Aug. 10, 1857, at William Shepard Wetmore’s fashionable Newport, R.I., home, nine days before GP left NYC, Aug. 19, 1857, to return to England; similar to NYC Evening Post, Aug. 12, 1857, p. 1, and New York Daily Times, Aug. 12, 1857, p. 1, c. 6).
Newport Mercury, Nov. 13, 1869, p. 3, c. 1 (Account at GP's death recalled his winter 1810 visit to maternal grandparents near Thetford, Vt., stopover at Stickney's Tavern, Concord, N.H., and visit to maternal aunt, Barnstead, N.H.; similar to Boston Journal, Nov. 5, 1869, p. 4, c. 3-5, entry above).
R.I., Providence Journal
Providence Journal, Dec. 22, 1869, p. 2, c. 3 (Report of GP's death and funeral recalled his broken engagement to Esther Elizabeth Hoppin, her marriage to Alexander Lardner, and his death in 1848. She died in 1905. Artist Thomas Sully's 1840 portrait of her is in NYC's Frick Art Reference Library; similar to Pennsylvania Inquirer and National Gazette, Jan. 20, 1848, p. 2, c. 7, entry above).
Tenn., Nashville, Nashville Banner
Nashville Banner, Dec. 9, 1971, p. 39 (Review of Franklin Parker, George Peabody, A Biography [Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1971], with photo of a profile of GP as a young man, taken from the dust jacket, portrait made from an original silhouette by Gary Gore, then design and promotion manager, Vanderbilt Univ. Press. His design was awarded a Gold Medal by the Art Directors' Club, Nashville, 1971).
Nashville Banner, February 18, 1991, "VU's Peabody Holds Top Ranking Again," p. B-5 (PCofVU's counseling program for preparing high school counselors rated top choice for several years).
Tenn., Nashville Tennessean
Tennessean Magazine, (May 15, 1955), Franklin Parker, "Nashville's Yankee Friend," pp. 2, 6-7 (From GP's PEF came the predecessor educational institutions culminating in PCofVU).
Tennessean, Nov. 28, 1976, p. 3-F, Tom Rogers, "Londoners' Homes Peabody Legacy" (Three GP-related illustrations are described under GP Illustrations).
Tennessean, May 28, 1984, pp. l-A-2-A, " 'Mr. Peabody' Dr. Windrow Dies at 84" (As GPCFT student, faculty member, and administrator for 60 years, John Edwin Windrow was an indefatigable GPCFT publicist. His GPCFT dissertation and book were on the life of Univ. of Nashville Chancellor John Berrien Lindsley).
Tennessean, Dec. 26, 1991, "New Peabody Dean Eager to Help State Change Face of Education," p. B-3 (PCofVU under second Dean James Pellegrino).
Tennessean, May 7, 1995, p. 2D, Louis J. Salome, "George Peabody, More Than Just a College Name." (Photo of bust of GP by sculptor Hans Schuler, unveiled May 12, 1926, New York University Hall of Fame Colonnade).
Tennessean, Sept. 2, 1996, p. 6A, "The First Nashville, 1780's" (Described the origins and early history of Nashville, Tenn.).
Tennessean, June 24, 1997, p. 7B (Obituary of Felix Compton Robb, assistant to GPCFT Pres. Henry Harrington Hill from 1947, dean of instruction, and successor president of GPCFT during 1961-66. He was director, Southern Association of Colleges and Schools, 1966-82, was a trustee of several colleges, a consultant to various boards and foundations, and interim president, Tallulah Falls School, Ga.).
Tennessean, Sept. 25, 1999, p. lB, "Architect Helped Build City’s Colleges" (Architect Henry Clossen Hibbs, hired by first Pres. Bruce R. Payne to design GPCFT, Nashville [completed 1914] after Thomas Jefferson's Univ. of Va. architectural plan).
Tennessean, March 31, 2000, pp. B1, continued 6B, "VU Keeps its Hold on U.S. Rankings" (U.S. News & World Report ranked PCofVU as sixth best graduate education school for the second consecutive year).
Tennessean, April 30, 2000, p. 1B (The PCofVU's Social-Religious Building was renamed, April 20, 2000, the Faye and Joe Wyatt Center for Education, after the retiring VU chancellor and his wife, under whom that historic building was renovated, 1993-96).
Tennessean, Aug. 7, 2000, p. 5B, "Noted philanthropist Philip Belz dies" (Realtor company chairman emeritus Philip Belz [1904-2000], whose Belz Enterprises owned the Peabody Hotel Group, died Aug 4, 2000, in Memphis).
Tennessean, Aug. 22 and 23, 2000, both pp. 1A-2A. (Started in 1965, the John F. Kennedy Center for Research on Education and Human Development, PCofVU, Nashville, Tenn., with Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr. Foundation startup funds, is one of 14 federally funded mental retardation research centers. Its $11 million budget in 2000 enabled advanced work by some 90 Vanderbilt Univ. and PCofVU researchers).
Tennessean, Sept. 14, 2000. P. 2E, "House of Morgan Has Storied Past" (The J.P. Morgan, Sr., bank, NYC, was bought for about $39.2 billion in stock by the Chase Manhattan Corp., thus surviving GP by 131 years, 1869-2000; J.S. Morgan by 110 years, 1890-2000; J.P. Morgan, Sr., himself by 87 years, 1913-2000; and J.P. Morgan, Sr.'s son by 66 years, 1934-2000).
Tennessean, Sept. 21, 2000, p. 4B, "Little Rock's Peabody Hotel to Include Ducks" (Lease signed in Little Rock, Ark., converting the former Excelsior Hotel into the Peabody Hotel, which will continue the daily duck waddle tradition down the red carpet into the hotel lobby pool).
Tennessean, April 1, 2001, p. 3B, "VU's Peabody Cracks Top 5 Grad Schools of Education" (After ranking among top 10 graduate schools of education in U.S. News & World Report's annual ranking since 1995, PCofVU jumped to 5th place in 2001).
Tennessean, March 31, 2004, "Dr. Susan Gray's Legacy" (GPCFT Early Childhood Education Prof. Susan Gray's [1913-92] enrichment program for poverty-deprived Nashville area 4 and 5 year olds in 1965 inspired the U.S. national Project Headstart).
Tennessean, Jan. 6, 2005, pp. 1Ai-2A (Controversy, 2002-2005, over Vanderbilt Univ.’s intent to remove “Confederate” from PCofVU Confederate Memorial Hall dormitory building).
Tennessean, Jan. 9, 2005, pp. 18A-19A (Similar to immediately above).
Tennessean, Jan. 10, 2005, p. 6A (Similar to immediately above).
Tennessean, Jan. 21, 2005, p. 5A (Similar to immediately above).
Tennessean, May 17, 2005, p. 11A (Similar to immediately above).
Texas, Austin American
Austin American, March 18, 1964, Tom A. Cullen, "Peabody Pioneer: First Slum Push" (Engraving of "Peabody's Apartment Houses," London).
Va., Richmond Daily Whig
Richmond Daily Whig, July 28, 1869, p. 2, c. 5 (GP at White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., July 23-Aug. 30, 1869; where resolution of praise were read to him, July 28, 1869; where he spoke to and was photographed with Robert E. Lee and other northern and southern educational, political leaders, military leaders [Aug. 12]; and where a Peabody Ball was held in his honor [Aug. 11]; similar to New York Times, July 31, 1869, p. 4, c. 7; and p. 5, c. 1, entries above).
Richmond Daily Whig, Aug. 13, 1869, p. 2, c. 3-4 (Continuation of Richmond Daily Whig, July 28, 1869, p. 2, c. 5, above, on GP's July 23-Aug. 30, 1869, visit to the Greenbrier Hotel, White Sulphur Springs health spa, W.Va., where a Peabody Ball was held in his honor on Aug. 11, 1869).
Richmond Daily Whig, Aug. 17, 1869, p. 2, c. 5 (GP gave his lost Va. bonds, 1869, to R.E. Lee's Washington College, later redeemed at $60,000; similar to Baltimore American, May 14, 1883, entry above).
Richmond Daily Whig, Aug. 20, 1869, p. 3, c. 2 (Stated that photos of GP, R.E. Lee, others, White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., were taken by Anderson and Johnson of Anderson's Richmond photographic establishment on Aug. 12, 1869; similar to New York World, Sept. 14, 1869, p. 12, c. 2, entry above).
Va., Richmond Dispatch
Richmond Dispatch, March 3, 1857, p. 1, c. 5 (Freighter named George Peabody carried goods between Baltimore and Richmond, Va., from 1857; similar to Baltimore American, Feb. 19, 1857, p. 1, c. 4, entry above).
Richmond Dispatch, March 13, 1857, p. 1, c. 4 (GP's March-April 1857 tour in the U.S. South and West; similar to Mobile (Ala.), Daily Tribune, March 5, 1857, entry above).
Richmond Dispatch, Feb. 2, 1896, p. 12, c. 1-2, "To Honor Peabody" (On Feb. 1, 1896, Va. state Sen. William Lovenstein introduced a resolution and supporting letter of Jan. 24, 1896, from PEF administrator J.L.M. Curry for a GP statue to be placed in Statuary Hall, U.S. House of Representatives, U.S. Capitol Bldg., Washington, D.C., where each state has statues of two notable citizens. But this effort was not successful).
W. Va., White Sulphur Springs, White Sulphur Echo
White Sulphur Echo, Vol. 22, No. 51 (Aug. 12, 1869), 3 pp. (GP joined longtime business friend William Wilson Corcoran at White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., July 23-Aug. 30, 1869. Gathered there by chance were southern and northern social, political, educational, and military elites. Relevant articles, p. 1, "Great Peabody Ball [Aug. 11, 1869]"; p. 2, "Statue of Mr. Peabody [London, unveiled July 23, 1869]"; p. 3, "An Endowment of Washington College [Lexington, Va., R.E. Lee, president] by George Peabody. Mr. Peabody's Health"; "An Historic Group [photographer Anderson's historic photo of "General Lee, Mr. Peabody, Generals Wise, Beauregard, Gary Connor, Lilly, Lawton and Magruder, and Messrs. Brent, W.W. Corcoran, James Lyons, and Blacque Bey"]."
W. Va., White Sulphur Springs, Lee Week Herald
Lee Week Herald, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Aug. 25, 1932), one page. (Apparently a commemorative issue. Relevant articles: "How They Honored General Lee" [his arrival in early Aug. 1869; funds raised locally to repair his church in Lexington, Va., to which GP contributed; and the Peabody Ball, Aug. 11, 1869]; and "The '69 Season" ["the season of '69 was the nonpareil…nothing to equal"; this gathering centered on R.E. Lee and GP].
W. Va., White Sulphur Echo and Lee Week Herald
White Sulphur Echo and Lee Week Herald, Aug. 31, 1934) (Commemorative issue of Lee and GP at White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., Aug. 1869; similar to above).
f. British Newspapers (alphabetically by country and city)
England, Birmingham Weekly Post
Birmingham Weekly Post, Dec. 18, 1869, p. 3, c. 6 (GP's death on Nov. 4, 1869, in London; his Westminster Abbey funeral service on Nov. 12, 1869; funeral carriages and occupants from the Abbey to Waterloo train station; funeral train from London to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869; handing over ceremonies and speeches by U.S. Minister to Britain Motley to HMS Monarch's Capt. Commerell; and placing GP's coffin aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England).
England, Boston Guardian
Boston Guardian, Nov. 27, 1869, p. 2, c. 5 (Plans for the handing over ceremony of GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869, and the placing of the coffin aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England).
England, Brechin AdvertiserAdvertiser
Brechin Advertiser, Nov. 30, 1869, p. 3, c. 3 (Similar to Boston Guardian, Nov. 27, 1869, p. 2, c. 5, immediately above).
England, Brighton Daily News
Brighton Daily News, Nov. 15, 1869, p. 5, c. 4 (Bishop of London's sermon on GP's life and influence, Westminster Abbey, Sunday, Nov. 14, 1869. Similar to New York Times, Nov. 27, 1869, p. 1, c. 6-7).
Brighton Daily News, Dec. 13, 1869, p. 3, c. 1-2 (Sat., Dec. 11, 1869, 7:00 A.M., a cold, damp, dark morning, with Westminster Abbey's dean A.P. Stanley present, GP's coffin was taken from the Abbey to a waiting hearse, followed by other carriages, going to Waterloo Station, where a special train waited to take GP's remains to Portsmouth).
England, Brighton Gazette
Brighton Gazette, Aug. 23, 1866, "Photographic Art, "p. 5. (Reported John Mayall's life-size portrait of GP, overpainted by artist Aed Arnoult to resemble an oil painting, displayed in Mayall's Brighton studio, intended for the PIB, "a great success" and reported that it was "to be exhibited free to the working classes, on Saturday next, at the Town Hall").
England, Brighton Herald
Brighton Herald, Nov. 21, 1868, p. 3, c. 5 (GP and U.S Minister to Britain Reverdy Johnson were in Brighton, England, Nov. 1868. Reverdy Johnson spoke at a Nov. 21 public dinner in Brighton).
Brighton Herald, Nov. 28, 1868, p. 4, c. 2-3 (Similar to Brighton Herald, Nov. 21, 1868, p. 3, c. 5, immediately above. GP and Reverdy Johnson attended Christ Church, Brighton, Nov. 22, and were the subject of Rev. Robert Ainslie's sermon).
England, Brighton Guardian
Brighton Guardian, Nov. 18, 1868, p. 5, c. 6; and Nov. 25, 1868, p. 7 (Similar to Brighton Herald, Nov. 28, 1868, p. 4, c. 2-3, immediately above).
England, Brighton Observer
Brighton Observer, Nov. 12, 1869, p. 2, c. 2 (Publicity after GP's death on Nov. 4, 1869: GP was given the Freedom of the City of London, July 10, 1862, and that evening was guest of honor at the Lord Mayor of London's Mansion House banquet, in appreciation for his March 12, 1862, Peabody Donation Fund for model homes for London working poor, total gift $2.5 million. Some accounts reported that he walked home to his lodging from that banquet).
England, Liverpool. Daily Post
Daily Post, Jan. 8, 1862, p. 5, c. 1-2 (Allen S. Hanckel incident and the Trent Affair).
England, London. Anglo-American Time
Anglo-American Times, Dec. 23, 1865, p. 8, c. 1-2 (During the Civil War GP gave a total of $10,000 to the U.S. Sanitary Commission for sick and wounded Union soldiers and their dependents).
Anglo-American Times, June 26, 1869, p. 11, c. 3; and p. 16, c. 1-2 (GP arrived in NYC for his June 8 to Sept. 29, 1869, last U.S. visit).
Anglo-American Times, Aug. 14, 1869, p. 15, c. 1 (GP at White Sulphur Springs, W.Va., July 23-Aug. 30, 1869; where resolution of praise were read to him, July 28, 1869; where he spoke to and was photographed with Robert E. Lee and other northern and southern educational, political leaders, military leaders [Aug. 12]; and where a Peabody Ball was held in his honor [Aug. 11]; similar to New York Times, July 31, 1869, p. 4, c. 7; and p. 5, c. 1, entries above).
Anglo-American Times, Oct. 2, 1869, p. 9, c. 1 (Described coffin-shaped granite sarcophagus GP ordered for his grave at Harmony Grove Cemetery, Salem, Mass., mid-Sept. 1869. Recorded also that in 1854 GP asked visiting Americans James Watson Webb and Reverdy Johnson to consult with John Pendleton Kennedy and other Baltimoreans about a possible GP educational gift to that city, leading to the PIB).
Anglo-American Times, Oct. 9, 1869, p. 11, c. 2 (GP's last $400,000 PIB gift, last departure from Baltimore, Sept. 22, 1869, then to Philadelphia, and NYC where some PEF trustees saw him board the Scotia, Sept. 29, 1869, for London where he died Nov. 4, 1869; similar to New York Tribune, Sept. 23, 1869, p. 1, c. 4, entry above).
Anglo-American Times, Oct. 23, 1869, p. 11, c. 3; and Oct. 30, 1869, p. 10, c. 3 (Report of GP's arrival in London Oct. 8, 1869, from his last U.S. visit and his intent "to pass the winter in the south of France." But gravely ill, he rested until his death, Nov. 4, 1869, at the home of business friend Sir Curtis Miranda Lampson, 80 Eaton Sq., London).
Anglo-American Times, Dec. 11, 1869, p. 11, c. 1-2 (GP's death, Nov. 4, 1869, London; Westminster Abbey funeral service, Nov. 12, 1869; funeral carriages and occupants from the Abbey to Waterloo train station; funeral train from London to Portsmouth harbor, Dec. 11, 1869; Portsmouth handing over ceremonies and speeches; and placing GP's coffin aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England; similar to Birmingham [England] Weekly Post, Dec. 18, 1869, p. 3, c. 6, entry above).
Anglo-American Times, Jan. 8, 1870, p. 8, c. 2 (U.S. House Resolution No. 96 for U.S. naval reception of GP's remains from England at U.S. landing port [Portland, Me.], introduced in the House, Dec. 15, 1869, debated and passed, Dec. 21, 1869, passed in Senate, Dec. 23, 1869, and signed into law by Pres. Grant, Jan. 10, 1870; similar to New York Times, Dec. 22, 1869, p. 1, c. 4, entry above).
Anglo-American Times, Jan. 8, 1870, p. 10, c. 2 (Details of transatlantic voyage of HMS Monarch and USS Plymouth from Spithead near Portsmouth, England; to Madeira, Portugal; to Bermuda; and to New England receiving port).
England, London. Army and Navy Gazette
Army and Navy Gazette, Dec. 18, 1869, p. 802, c. 2 ("Private telegrams have been received in London from New York, stating that the honour done to the remains of the late Mr. Peabody, and to the fact that our Government having conveyed his body to America in a ship of war, has had a great effect on the States, and has gone far towards doing away with the ill-feeling caused by the Alabama difficulties. There is a story going about to the effect that the special correspondent in London of a well known American paper lately telegraphed to ask his employers what line he should take upon the Alabama question. The reply, through the cable, was, 'Let the matter drop; it's played out'").
Army and Navy Gazette, Dec. 18, 1869, p. 811, c. 1 (Transfer by train of GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor, Dec. 11, 1869, and the handing over ceremony of the coffin to HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England).
England, London. British Army Dispatch
British Army Dispatch, July 9, 1852, p. 445, c. 1-3 (GP's June 17 and July 4, 1852, London dinners and speeches, attended by U.S. Minister Abbott Lawrence, Wm. Brown, Thomson Hankey, Thurlow Weed, and J.C. Frémont; similar to Washington, D.C., Republic, July 10, 1852, p. 2, c. 5, entry above).
England, London. Catholic Opinion
Catholic Opinion, Nov. 20, 1869, p. 462, c. 1 (The erroneous report of a GP statue planned in Rome after GP's death, Nov. 4, 1869, London, may have been connected with R.C. Winthrop and GP's Feb. 24 or 25, 1868, interview with Pope Pius IX and GP's gift through Cardinal Antonelli to the Vatican charitable San Spirito Hospital of $19,300).
England, London. City Press
City Press, May 14, 1867 (Two subscription lists showed £2,342.19s. received as of April 1866 to erect a statue of GP in London to honor his Peabody Homes for London's working poor).
City Press, May 18, 1867 (Third subscription list showed £2,572.13s.2d. received in April 1866 to erect a GP statue in London to honor his Peabody Homes for London's working poor).
City Press, May 31, 1867 (Fourth subscription list showed amount received in May 1866 to erect a GP statue in London to honor his Peabody Homes for London's working poor).
England, London. Court Journal
Court Journal, Feb. 22, 1862, p. 183, c. 3 (Quoted Thurlow Weed's Jan. 12, 1862, letter to the Albany Evening Journal stating that GP planned a large gift of model homes for London's working poor).
Court Journal, April 7, 1866, p. 381, c. 2 (GP's second Peabody Donation Fund, April 19, 1866, gift, $500,000; total $2.5 million).
England, London. Daily News
Daily News, July 7, 1854 (U.S. Legation in London Secty. D.E. Sickles walked out in anger from GP's July 4, 1854, U.S.-British friendship dinner because GP toasted the Queen before the U.S. president; the incident attracted pro and con letters in the press for months; similar to Boston Post, July 21, 1854, p. 2, c. l, entry above).
Daily News, Nov. 8, 1869, p. 5, c. 3 ("We have received a large number of letters, urging that the honours of a public funeral are due to the late Mr. Peabody's memory").
Daily News, Dec. 13, 1869 (Handing over ceremony of GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869, and the placing of the coffin aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England; similar to plan mentioned in Ohio's Zanesville Daily Courier, Dec. 10, 1869, p. 3, c. 5, entry above).
England, London. Daily Telegraph
Daily Telegraph, April 29 and 30, 1867 (Two subscription lists of £2,342.19s. received as of April 1866 to erect a GP statue in London to honor his Peabody Homes for London's working poor; similar to City Press, May 14, 1867, entry above).
Daily Telegraph, May 16, 1867 (Third subscription list of £2,572.13s.2d. received in April 1866 to erect a GP statue in London to honor his Peabody Homes for London's working poor; similar to City Press, May 18, 1867, entry above).
Daily Telegraph, May 30, 1867 (Fourth subscription list of amount received in May 1866 to erect a GP statue in London to honor his Peabody Homes for London's working poor; similar to City Press, May 31, 1867, entry above).
Daily Telegraph, Oct. 9, 1867 (Approval of Salem, Mass.-born sculptor W.W. Story to prepare statue of GP in London [unveiled July 23, 1869]).
England, London. European Mail
European Mail, Jan. 23, 1870 (England's Solicitor General ruled that GP's real estate property in England should go to the Peabody housing fund, as GP wished; similar to New York Times, Jan. 25, 1870, p. 5, c. 3-4, entry above).
England, London. Fun
Fun, Feb. 24, 1866, p. 235 (GP's second gift to the Peabody Donation Fund, April 19, 1866, $500,000; total $2.5 million).
England, London. Illustrated London News
Illustrated London News, April 5, 1862, p. 335 (GP's March 12, 1862, letter founding the Peabody Donation Fund for homes for London's working poor, total gift $2.5 million, 1862-69).
Illustrated London News, Vol. 48, No. 1368 (April 28, 1866), pp. 409, 410 (GP at the prize-giving ceremony of the Workingmen's Industrial Exhibition. He was the first U.S. citizen and the 41st person to be made an honorary member of the Fishmongers' Co. of London, April 19, 1866, before leaving on his May 1, 1866, to May 1, 1867, U.S. visit).
Illustrated London News, May 26, 1867, p. 513 (Illustration of Queen Victoria's enameled miniature portrait done in 1867 by British artist F.A.C. Tilt, set in a frame of solid gold, given to GP in 1867 for his $2.5 million gift for Peabody model homes for London's working poor, since 1862; original in Peabody Institute Library, Peabody, Mass.).
Illustrated London News, Nov. 20, 1869, p. 26 (Engraving of GP's funeral service in London's Westminster Abbey, Nov. 12, 1869).
Illustrated London News, Vol. 55, No. 1573 (Dec. 25, 1869), pp. 648, 661 (Handing over ceremony of GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869, with the coffin placed aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England; similar to plans mentioned in Ohio's Zanesville Daily Courier, Dec. 10, 1869, p. 3, c. 5, entry above).
London.Ladies Newspaper (and Ladies Newspaper and Pictorial Times)
Ladies Newspaper and Pictorial Times, July 26, 1851, p. 43 (U.S.-British press reported favorably on GP's first large-scale [over 800 guests] U.S.-British July 4, 1851, friendship dinner at Willis's Rooms, London, in connection with the Great Exhibition, 1851. GP overcame British society's reluctance to attend by getting the Duke of Wellington as guest of honor).
Ladies Newspaper, July 1, 1869, p. 64, c. 1 (U.S. sculptor W.W. Story's model of GP's seated London statue sent to Munich, Germany, for bronze casting. GP's statue later unveiled, July 23, 1869, by the Prince of Wales, later King Edward VII, who eulogized GP and praised W.W. Story and U.S. Minister John Lothrop Motley, both of whom also spoke).
London. Leader
Leader, June 26, 1852, pp. 603, 708 (GP's June 17 and July 4, 1852, London dinners and speeches, attended by U.S. Minister Abbott Lawrence, Wm. Brown, Thomson Hankey, Thurlow Weed, and J.C. Frémont; similar to Washington, D.C., Republic, July 10, 1852, p. 2, c. 5, entry above).
London. Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper
Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper, June 22, 1856, p. 5, c. 3 (GP's June 13, 1856, U.S.-British friendship dinner, London, to introduce new U.S. Minister to Britain George M. Dallas, with C.M. Lampson, Joseph Paxton, J.P. Kennedy, and J.S. Morgan present; held during U.S.-British irritation over the Crimea War; similar to New York Daily Times, July 4, 1856, p. 2, c. 4-5, entry above).
London. Morning Advertiser
Morning Advertiser, July 7, 1854, p. 6, c. 3-4 (U.S. London Legation Secty. D.E. Sickles walked out in anger from GP's July 4, 1854, U.S.-British friendship dinner because GP toasted the Queen before the U.S. president; incident inflamed with pro and con letters in the press for months; similar to New York Times, Sept. 6, 1854, p. 3, c. 3-5, and ff. entries above).
Morning Advertiser, July 7, 1856, p. 4, c. 1-3 (GP's July 4, 1856, London dinner. U.S. Minister to Britain George M. Dallas and GP spoke. Samuel F.B. Morse replied to a toast to "The Telegraph." Similar to New York Times, July 24, 1856, p. 2, c. 2-3, entry above).
London. Morning Herald
Morning Herald, Nov. 5, 1869, p. 4. c. 5-6; and Nov. 8, 1869, p. 3, c. 4 (To correct an earlier error saying` that GP first went to London in 1837, M.J. Powell wrote that he had seen GP in Manchester in 1832 [GP's third buying trip to Europe, May 1, 1832-May 11, 1834]. GP's first buying trip abroad was Nov. 1, 1827 to Aug. 1828, nine months; second trip, 1831 to 1832 [15 months], covering 10,000 miles in England, France, Italy, and Switzerland; fourth trip, about Aug. 1835 to July 1836; fifth trip, early Feb. 1837 to sell Md.'s $8 million bonds abroad, remaining in London, 1837-69, 32 years, except for three U.S. visits).
Morning Herald, Dec. 9, 1869, p. 6, c. 2 (Erroneous reports of statues of GP to be erected in Rome, Italy, and NYC. NYC meetings on Nov. 20 and 23, 1869, failed to gain support for a GP statue; the reason later given was that mounting honors for GP offended belief in republican simplicity).
London. Morning Post
Morning Post, Oct. 26, 1855 (GP's $10,000 gift for scientific equipment for 1853-55 Second U.S. Grinnell Expedition's search for lost British Arctic explorer Sir John Franklin; similar to Washington, D.C., Daily National Intelligencer, Feb. 1, 1853, p. 3, c. 4, entry above).
Morning Post, Dec. 13, 1869 (Handing over ceremony of GP's remains from Westminster Abbey, London, to Portsmouth harbor on Dec. 11, 1869, with the coffin placed aboard HMS Monarch for transatlantic crossing to New England; similar to New York Times, Dec. 14, 1869, p. 5, c. 1, entry above).
London. News of the World
News of the World, Nov. 20, 1869, p. 6, c. 2-4 (Bishop of London's sermon on GP's life and influence, Westminster Abbey, Sunday, Nov. 14, 1869. Similar to New York Times, Nov. 27, 1869, p. 1, c. 6-7).
London. Punch
Punch, July 27, 1867, p. 33 (Cartoon and long poem praising GP and Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts as the most prominent philanthropists of the time).
London. Spectator
Spectator, July 31, 1869, p. 891, c. 1-2 (Sculptor W.W. Story's remarks at July 23, 1869, unveiling of his GP seated statue in London; see also New York Times, Aug. 4, 1869, p. 5, c. 2-4, entry above).
London. Sportsman
Sportsman, Dec. 25, 1869, p. 4, c. 1 (As HMS Monarch, accompanied by USS Plymouth, left Spithead near Portsmouth harbor, England, Dec. 21, 1869, to deliver GP's remains for burial in Mass., some urged naming a newly opened London street leading from the Mansion House to Blackfriar's Bridge Peabody Street. The Sportsman's editor was mildly critical that the Metropolitan Board of Works chose instead to call it Queen Victoria Street).
London. Standard
Standard, May 25, 1866 (Appeal for funds to erect a GP statue in London to honor his Peabody Homes for London's working poor).
Standard, May 20, 1867 (Fourth subscription list showed £2,572.13s.2d. received in May 1866 to erect a statue of GP in London to honor his Peabody Homes for London's working poor).
London. Sun
Sun, July 11, 1851, p. 1, c. 5-6 (U.S.-British press reported favorably on GP's first large-scale [over 800 guests] U.S.-British July 4, 1851, friendship dinner at Willis's Rooms, London, in connection with the Great Exhibition, 1851, London. GP overcame British society's reluctance to attend by getting the Duke of Wellington as guest of honor).
Sun, Oct. 30, 1869, p. 2, c. 6 (Queen Victoria's invitation, Oct. 30, 1869, for GP to visit and rest at Windsor Castle. Too ill, he died Nov. 4, 1869; similar to New York Tribune, Nov. 12, 1869, p. 1, c. 1, entry above).
Sun, Nov. 1, 1869, p. 3, c. 5 (Report of GP's declining health at business friend Sir Curtis Miranda Lampson's 80 Eaton Sq., London home; similar to London's Anglo-American Times, Oct. 23, 1869, p. 11, c. 3; and Oct. 30, 1869, p. 10, c. 3. entries above).
Sun, Dec. 13, 1869, p. 2, c. 2 (GP's death, Nov. 4, 1869, London; Westminster Abbey funeral service, Nov. 12, 1869; funeral carriages and occupants from the Abbey to Waterloo train station; funeral train from London to Portsmouth harbor, Dec. 11, 1869; Portsmouth handing over ceremonies and speeches; and placing GP's coffin aboard HMS
10 of 14: George Peabody (1795-1869): A-Z Handbook....
10 of 14: George Peabody (1795-1869): A-Z Handbook...., by Franklin and Betty J. Parker, bfparker@frontiernet.net
Following Background "Preface" below 10 of 14 blogs covers alphabetically: Salem Village, Mass. to U.S. Ministers. 3.
Background: "Preface" 1 of 14 tells the why-when-where-how-findings-and-motives of the authors’ research on Franklin Parker’s doctoral dissertation, “George Peabody, Founder of Modern Philanthropy,” completed 1956 at George Peabody College for Teachers, adjoining Vanderbilt University, which on July 1, 1979, became Peabody College of Vanderbilt University, Nashville.
George Peabody, so well known in the 1850s-60s but since sadly neglected, was a significant 19th century figure as: 1-a Massachusetts-born merchant in the U.S. South: Riggs & Peabody, later Peabody & Riggs (1814-38), who imported dry goods and other commodities (worldwide) for sale to U.S. wholesalers. George Peabody then became: 2-a London-based merchant-banker, George Peabody & Co. (1838-64), who financed in part the B&O RR, the 2nd Mexican War Loan, the Atlantic Cable, and with J.S. Morgan as partner, was the root of the JP Morgan international banking firm. Finally, this merchant-turned-banker became: 3-the best known philanthropist of his time (1850s-60s), who founded the Peabody Homes of London for the working poor; in the U.S. 7 Peabody Libraries and Lecture Halls; the Peabody Conservatory of Music, Baltimore; three Peabody Museums at Harvard (Anthropology), Yale (Paleontology), and the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA (maritime history); and founder of the Peabody Education Fund for the South (1867-1914), basis for all later larger U.S. funds and foundations. End of Background.
Salem Village, Mass., first called Brooksby (1626), became known as Salem Village, and then Danvers (1752-1855), then South Danvers (1855-68), and since April 13, 1868, Peabody, Mass. See: Peabody, Mass.
London Times Editor
Sampson, Marmaduke Blake (d.1876). 1-London Times Editor. Marmaduke Blake Sampson was an accomplished classical scholar, had been secretary of the treasury committee of the Bank of England, was city editor of the London Times for 30 years, and wrote its financial columns (1854-74). He was present at GP's July 4, 1854, dinner at the Star and Garter at Richmond near London, at which super patriot U.S. London Legation Secty. Daniel Edgar Sickles (1819-1914) walked out in anger because GP toasted Queen Victoria before toasting the U.S. President. GP consulted with M.B. Sampson during the subsequent charge and countercharge in letters to newspapers over the incident. Ref.:(Blake mentioned): Wallace and Gillespie, eds., II, pp. 896 (footnote 8), 1110-1111, ff. See: Dinners, GP's, London. Peabody Homes of London. Sickles, Daniel Edgar.
Sampson, M.B. 2-Attended July 9, 1858, Dinner. M.B. Sampson was also the only Englishman who attended GP's July 9, 1858, banquet at the Crystal Palace, London, for 50 Americans, including U.S. Minister to Britain George Mifflin Dallas (1792-1864) and family and John Pendleton Kennedy (1795-1870). M.B. Sampson is also mentioned in connection with the public announcement of GP's March 12, 1862, Peabody Donation Fund letter founding the Peabody Homes of London. Ref.: Ibid.
Trent Affair
San Jacinto (ship). 1-British Trent Illegally Stopped. On Nov. 8, 1861, Union warship San Jacinto under Capt. Charles Wilkes (1798-1877) fired shots that stopped the British mail packet Trent in the West Indies Bahama Channel. Four Confederate emissaries were illegally and forcibly removed from the Trent and taken to Boston Harbor's Fort Warren prison. They were James Murray Mason (1798-1871) of Va. and his male secretary, seeking recognition, aid, and arms from England; and John Slidell (1793-1871) of La. and his male secretary (George Eustice, 1828-72, from La.), seeking aid and arms from France. See: Trent Affair.
San Jacinto. 2-Affected News of Peabody Homes of London Gift. Their seizure created exultation in the U.S. North but anger and near-war preparations by Britain. Bad feelings lasted well into 1862, affecting GP in London who, with his advisors and trustees, delayed until March 12, 1862, announcement of the Peabody Donation Fund, a $2.5 million (total, 1862-69) gift for apartments for London's working poor. Ref.: Ibid.
San Jacinto. 3-Mrs. Louise Morris (née Corcoran) Eustice. Another GP-Trent connection was with Slidell's secretary George Eustice, married to Louise Morris Corcoran (1838-67), only daughter of GP's longtime business associate William Wilson Corcoran (1798-1888) of Washington, D.C. She was a favorite of GP, who had entertained Corcoran and his daughter, sometimes the daughter alone, on European trips. She was on the Trent when her husband was illegally removed. When she reached England, GP's partner in George Peabody & Co., Junius Spencer Morgan (1813-90), called on her to see after her welfare. U.S. jingoism calmed. Pres. Lincoln's cabinet met Dec. 26, 1861, disavowed Capt. Wilkes's action, and the four Confederates were released Jan. 1, 1862. Ref.: Ibid. See: persons named.
GP In Rome
San Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy. 1-In Rome. GP gave a $19,300 gift to San Spirito Hospital, a Vatican charitable hospital, Rome, Italy, during Feb. 24-28, 1868. He was in Rome, Italy, with philanthropic advisor Robert Charles Winthrop (1809-94), Feb. 19-28, 1868, for sittings in U.S. sculptor William Wetmore Story's (1819-95) studio for the GP seated statue Story was preparing for placement on Threadneedle St., near the Royal Exchange (unveiled July 23, 1869, by the Prince of Wales).
San Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy. 2-Visit with the Pope. About Feb. 24-25, 1868, GP and Winthrop, accompanied by former Secty. of the U.S. Legation in Rome Mr. Hooker (who arranged the visit), had an audience with Pope Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, 1792-1878, Pope during 1846-78). It was GP's only audience with the Pope and Winthrop's second audience (Winthrop's first audience with the Pope, 1860). Cornell Univ. Pres. Andrew Dickson White (1832-1918) heard from sculptor W.W. Story that Winthrop introduced GP to the Pope "as a gentleman who though unmarried, had hundreds of children; whereupon the Pope, taking him literally, held up his hands and answered, 'Fi donc! Fi donc!" (French expression of disapproval). Ref.: Ibid.
San Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy. 3-Charitable Hospital Gift. Leaving the Pope, Mr. Hooker introduced GP and Winthrop to Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli (1806-76). The conversation turned to the hospital of San Spirito among other charitable institutions in Rome. When GP reached his room that night (about Feb. 24-25, 1868), he sent the cardinal a contribution. GP left Rome Feb. 27, 1868, for Genoa, then went by boat to Nice, France, arriving March 3, 1868, where Baltimore friend John Pendleton Kennedy (1795-1870) briefly visited him (Kennedy was on his way to Rome). Ref.: Ibid.
San Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy. 4-To Cannes & Paris. GP then went to Cannes, France, March 16, 1868, to visit George Eustis (1828-72), William Wilson Corcoran's son-in-law (Corcoran's only daughter Louise Morris née Corcoran Eustis died Dec. 4, 1867, leaving him and their three children). GP, accompanied by Winthrop, then went to Paris about March 16, where they were received by Napoleon III (1808-73) and Empress Eugénie (1826-1920). Ref.: Ibid. See: persons named.
San Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy. 5-False Report of GP Statue in Rome. GP's visit to Rome, audience with the Pope, and gift to the San Spirito Hospital may have been the basis for a short item from Rome in the vast publicity on GP's death (Nov. 4, 1869) and transatlantic funeral: "A statue of Mr. Peabody is to be erected at Rome by order of the Pope." No GP statue in Rome ever materialized. Ref.: Ibid.
Carl Sandburg
Sandburg, Carl (1878-1967). 1-"poor boys who have become rich." Carl Sandburg was a U.S. poet (The People, Yes, 1936) and biographer of Abraham Lincoln, six volumes, 1926-39. His autobiographical Always the Young Strangers, 1953, tells of his first reading about GP in a small vest pocket booklet series titled "Packed in Duke's Cigarettes." As a schoolboy growing up in Galesburg, Ill. (about 1890), walking to school he picked up a smudged booklet (2" & 3/4 " long by l" & 1'/2 " wide), brushed off the dirt, and saw its title, A Short History of General P.T. Beauregard, part of a "Series of Small Books." Ref.: Sandburg-b, pp. 260, 262-263, 269.
Sandburg, Carl. 2-"poor boys who have become rich" Cont'd. Fascinated with it, he found adults who smoked that brand. One adult agreed to give him the booklet inserts. He collected this series, read and swapped them with other boy collectors. Sandburg was charmed by the Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt, one of a series of 50 on the lives of "poor boys who have become rich." Proud of his vest pocket library, the future poet and biographer reflected on his remembrance on reading the booklet on GP. Ref.: Ibid.
Sandburg, Carl. 3-On First Reading About GP. Sandburg remembered that: "On the back of another book was a bare-shouldered woman worth looking at, one breast bare, and she held a shining green wreath and a banner that read above her 'Charity' and below 'George Peabody, a Philanthropist.' It was what we called a 'jawbreaker,' the word 'Philanthropist,' but the book made it clear. 'During his long life he not only gave away millions of dollars but he placed his great wealth where it would do the most good.'" Ref.: Ibid.
Sandburg, Carl. 4-On First Reading About GP Cont'd. "After making one fortune in America in the grocery and dry-goods business he went to London as a banker and made a bigger fortune. For all of his money he didn't marry and the book said: 'The story is told that a young American girl who had refused him in the day when money was scarce married one of his friends, whereupon Peabody resolved to remain single --a resolve which he faithfully kept." Ref.: Ibid.
Sandburg, Carl. 5-On First Reading About GP Cont'd. "I wanted to know more about that girl and how her husband did by her and what they talked about when George Peabody threw a million dollars to Baltimore for a free library, lecture hall, academy of music, and an art gallery--and later when he put three millions into tearing away tumbledown shanties in the London slums and building brick houses with a little grass around for children to play on--and later when he put another three million dollars into better schools for Negro children of the South." Ref.: Ibid.
Sandburg, Carl. 6-On First Reading About GP Cont'd. "The Queen of England wanted to give Peabody a title. He thanked her, said he could get along without it, and went home to Baltimore, where twenty thousand children met him and waved their hands and their handkerchiefs and he said, 'Never have I seen a more beautiful sight.' I wondered if the girl who had refused him was anywhere among the thousands of grownups looking on. On the front cover Mr. Peabody's white hair fell over his ears, and with his white side whiskers he reminded me of one of our Lutheran deacons." Ref.: Ibid.
Sandburg, Carl. 7-Criticism of GP. Not withstanding his boyhood admiration of GP, in his Pulitzer prize Abraham Lincoln, The War Years (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1939), III, pp. 124-125, Carl Sandburg repeated unsubstantiated charges against GP as a Confederate sympathizer in the Civil War. Such charges had first been made in 1862, without substantial evidence by John Bigelow (1817-1911), U.S. Consul General in Paris; repeated by Samuel Bowles (1826-78), editor of the Springfield Daily Republican (Springfield, Mass.), Oct. 27, 1866; by Gustavus Myers (1872-1942) in History of the Great American Fortunes, 1910, rev. 1936; by Matthew Josephson (1899-1978) in The Robber Barons (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934 and 1962), p. 60; and by Leland DeWitt Baldwin in The Stream of American History (New York: American Book Co., 1952), II, p. 121. See: Civil War and GP. See: Felt, Charles Wilson. For defense of GP as Union supporter, see McIlvaine, Charles Pettit. "S.P.Q." Weed, Thurlow.
Sandburg, Carl. 8-Criticism of GP Cont'd. (Sandburg wrote): "Of the international bankers Peabody & Morgan, sturdy Samuel Bowles said in the Springfield [Mass.] Republican that their agencies in New York and London had induced during the war a flight of capital from America." Sandburg then quoted Bowles: '"They gave us no faith and no help in our struggle for national existence.... No individuals contributed so much to flooding the money markets with evidence of our debts to Europe, and breaking down their prices and weakening financial confidence in our nationality, and none made more money by the operation.'" Ref.: Ibid.
Great Exhibition of 1851, London (first world's fair)
Sands, Joshua Ratoon (1795-1884). 1-GP's Timely Loan. Joshua R. Sands was the U.S. Navy officer commanding the frigate St. Lawrence authorized by the U.S. Congress to transport U.S. exhibitors and their exhibits to the Great Exhibition of 1851, London, the first world's fair. The St. Lawrence left NYC Feb. 8, 1851, arrived in Southampton, March 1851, when a lack of funds led to a crisis. Congress had neglected to appropriate funds to transfer the exhibits and adorn the Crystal Palace exhibition area. The British press ridiculed American pretensions. A New York Times writer later recorded: "The whole affair looked like a disgraceful failure. At this juncture Mr. Geo. Peabody, of whom not one exhibitor in twenty had ever heard, and who was personally unknown to every member of the Commission, offered through a polite note addressed to Mr. [Abbott] Lawrence [1792-1855, U.S. Minister to Britain] to advance £3,000 [$15,000] on the personal responsibility of [U.S. Commissioner] Mr. [Edward W.] Riddle and his secretary, Mr. [Nathaniel Shattwell] Dodge [1810-74]. This loan, afterward [three years later re]paid by Congress, relieved the Commission of its difficulties, and enabled our countrymen to achieve their first success in industrial competition with the artisans and manufacturers of Europe." See: Great Exhibition of 1851, London (first world's fair).
Sands, J.R.. 2-Career. U.S. Navy officer Sands was born in Brooklyn, NY, May 13, 1795. He was appointed midshipman in the U.S. Navy (June 18, 1812), served in the War of 1812 on Lake Ontario, saw action against the Royal George; served on the Madison (April 1813), took part in the capture of Toronto and the capture of Fort George. He was attached to the Pike, and served on shore (1814), on the frigate Superior, was attached to the Washington in the Mediterranean (1815–18), was promoted lieutenant (April 1, 1818), served on the Hornet off the coast of Africa, in the West Indies (1819), on the Franklin on the Pacific coast (1821–24), on the Vandalia near Brazil (1828–30), was on recruiting duty (1830–40), was promoted Commander (Feb. 23, 1841), served at the NYC navy yard (1841–43), commanded the Falmouth in the Gulf and West Indies (1843–45), the Vixen during the Mexican War, took part in the capture of Alverado, Tabasco and Laguna, and was made governor of Laguna. He participated in the attack on Vera Cruz; assisted in the capture of Tampico and Tuspan (1847) and served in other actions. Ref.: Internet, "Sands, Joshua Ratoon [1795-1884], http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~dav4is/people/SAND320.htm
Sands, J.R.. 3-Career (Cont'd.). After taking the frigate St. Lawrence to the Great Exhibition of London, 1851, he took it to Portugal that year, was promoted Captain (Feb. 25, 1854), commanded the Susquehanna in Central America, in the Mediterranean, and in England (1856), was engaged in laying the Atlantic Cable (1857), served in Central America, commanded the Brazilian squadron on the flagship Congress (1859–61), retired (Dec. 21, 1861), was promoted commodore on the retired list (July 16, 1862), and made rear admiral (July 25, 1866). He served as light-house inspector on Lakes Erie and Ontario and the St. Lawrence River (1862–66), and was port-admiral, Norfolk, Va. (1869–72). He died in Baltimore, Md. (Oct. 2, 1883). Ref.: Ibid.
Satterlee, Herbert Livingston (1863-1947), was John Pierpont Morgan Sr.'s (1837-1913) son-in-law and author of Life of J. Pierpont Morgan (New York; privately printed, 1937). For Satterlee's connection with GPCFT Pres. Bruce Ryburn Payne (1874-1937), See: Payne, Bruce Ryburn. PCofVU. Conkin, Peabody College, index.
Scarritt College for Christian Workers, Nashville. See: Jean and Alexander Heard Library of Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville. PCofVU, history of. Conkin, Peabody College, index.
Naval Reception for GP's Remains
Schenck, Robert Cumming (1809-90). 1-Opposed U.S. Navy Reception for GP's Remains, Portland, Me. U.S. Rep. Robert Cumming Schenck (Republican-Ohio) on Dec. 21, 1869, objected to U.S. House Resolution No. 96 which asked Pres. U.S. Grant (1822-85) to order a U.S. Navy reception for GP's remains, then aboard HMS Monarch, escorted by USS Plymouth, from Portsmouth, England, to Portland, Me. Rep. Schenck led the opposition to the resolution by moving that the House adjourn to allow time to consider if it should go to this expense. Rep. Daniel Wolsey Voorhees (1827-97, Democrat-Ind.) regretted that a move to adjourn was made, in view of GP's vast gifts to U.S. education and science. Rep. Schenck defended his move to adjourn and challenged GP's patriotism during the Civil War, while some Republican members applauded. See: Death and funeral, GP's.
Schenck, R.C. 2-Resolution Passed. U.S. Rep. Thomas Laurens Jones (1819-87, D-Ky.), who originally introduced U.S. House Resolution No. 96 on Dec. 15, 1869, expressed shame that his proposal to honor GP was being so debated. He mentioned withdrawing the resolution. The House refused to adjourn and, with Rep. Schenck still objecting, passed the resolution that day. It was passed by the U.S. Senate on Dec. 23, 1869, and was signed into law by Pres. Grant on Jan. 10, 1870. Ref.: Ibid.
Schenck, R.C. 3-Career. Rep. R.C. Schenck was born in Franklin, Ohio; graduated from Miami Univ. (1827); taught French and Latin; practiced law in Dayton, Ohio; served in the Ohio legislature (1840); in the U.S. House (1843-51); was U.S. Minister to Brazil (1851-53); was a Union general (1861-63); and a radical Republican in the U.S. House (1863-70). There was a touch of irony when in 1870 U.S. Pres. Grant appointed R.C. Schenck (who opposed a U.S. Naval reception for GP's remains on the Monarch at Portland, Me.) to replace John Lothrop Motley (1814-77) as U.S. Minister to Britain during 1871-76. In that capacity, Schenk was a member of the Joint Commission that arbitrated the Alabama Claims and signed the Treaty of Washington in May 1871 by which Britain paid the U.S. $15.5 million in reparations. Ref.: Ibid. Ref.:(Schenck as Union general): Boatner, p. 725. Ref.:(Schenck as U.S. Minister to Britain): Welch, p. 137.
Elopement that Shocked Queen Victoria
Schenley, Edward W.H. (1798-1878). 1-GP in Pittsburgh, April 14-16, 1857. During GP's Sept. 15, 1856, to Aug. 19, 1857, U.S. visit, his first return from London in nearly 20 years, he stayed in Pittsburgh, Penn., with Capt. and Mrs. Edward W.H. Schenley during April 14-16, 1857, where a reception was held in his honor. GP's connection with the Schenleys, not precisely known, may have had to do with her father's initial displeasure at their scandalous elopement from the U.S. to England in 1842, and the possible use by the later reconciled father of George Peabody & Co.'s service in transferring funds to support the Schenleys in London. Ref. Pittsburgh, Penn., Evening Chronicle, April 14, 1857, p. 1, c. 1-3. See: Visits to the U.S. by GP, 1856-57.
Schenley, E.W.H. 2-Scandalous Elopement. Pittsburgh, Penn., heiress Mary Elizabeth Croghan (1827-1903, pronounced "Crawn") attended Mrs. McLeod's boarding school in Staten Island, N.Y. Miss Croghan was aged 15 when in 1842 British military officer Capt. Edward W.H. Schenley (said to have fought in the Battle of Waterloo, 1815) visited that school to see Mrs. McLeod, his sister-in-law. He at age 43 and Miss Croghan at age 15 met, fell in love, and created a sensation by eloping to England. Ref. Shine, Bernice. "Schenley Park Donated by Girl Whose Romance Shocked a Queen." Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph, September 15, 1941, seen July 10, 2002, at http://einpgh.org/exhibit/neighborhoods/oakland/oak_108.html
Schenley, E.W.H. 3-Descendant of Pittsburgh Founders. Mary Elizabeth Croghan, her father's only child and heir to a large fortune, was the maternal granddaughter of Pittsburgh founder and landowner Revolutionary War Quartermaster General James O'Hara (1754-1819). She was also related to Pittsburgh's first mayor (1816) Ebenezer Denny (1761-1822). Her father, William Croghan, Jr. (d. 1850), had a stroke on hearing of the elopement. He recovered and, convinced that Capt. Schenley was a fortune hunter, legally blocked Schenley's access to his daughter's fortune. Other parents with daughters in Mrs. McLeod's school, believing her involved in the elopement, withdrew their daughters, causing its closure. Ref. Ibid.
Schenley, E.W.H. 4-Reconciliation. The Schenleys lived in modest circumstances in London. They were excluded from court functions because Queen Victoria disapproved of the elopement. In time the birth of Schenley children and the family's apparent happiness led her father to relent. He visited them in London, restored her inheritance, and wanted them to return to Pittsburgh. The Schenleys made some prolonged visits to the Croghan mansion in Pittsburgh (including GP's April 14-16, 1857, stay with them) but lived permanently in London. Ref. See under Schenley, Capt. Edward W. H., in Ref.: g. Internet: http://www.wqed.org/tv/pghist/oakland.lhtml (seen July 12, 2002).
Schenley, E.W.H. 5-Schenley Park and other Philanthropies. Mrs. Schenley's philanthropic gifts came from land inherited from her maternal grandfather Gen. James O'Hara. She gave land for Pittsburgh's 456-acre Schenley Park; gave adjacent land for the Pittsburgh Carnegie Public Library and the Western Pennsylvania Institute for the Blind; and a lot for a Newsboys' Home. The proximity to Schenley Park of the University of Pittsburgh's Cathedral of Learning building and the Carnegie Mellon University make it a significant cultural center. Ref.: Ibid.
Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Penn. See: Schenley, Edward W.H. (1798-1878) above.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Sr. (1888-1965), was the Harvard Univ. history professor who suggested GP's contributions to educational philanthropy as a doctoral research topic to Felix Compton Robb (1914-97) when Robb attended Harvard Graduate School of Education. Robb, then a GPCFT administrator (assistant to the president, dean of instruction, president during 1961-66), pursued another topic in education administration. In 1953 when he was Dean of Instruction at GPCFT he suggested the topic to co-author Franklin Parker. See: Robb, Felix Compton.
GP’s Nephew, O.C. Marsh
Schuchert, Charles, and Clara Mae LeVene. 1-Biographers of O.C. Marsh. Charles Schuchert and Clara Mae LeVene were the authors of O. C. Marsh, Pioneer in Paleontology (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940), biography of Othniel Charles Marsh (1831-99), based on his papers at Yale Univ. GP paid for the education of his nephew Othniel Charles Marsh (1831-99) education at Phillips Academy, Mass., Yale College (B.A., 1860), Yale's Sheffield Scientific School (M.A., 1863), and study abroad at the German universities of Berlin, Heidelberg, and Breslau (1863-65). See: Marsh, Othniel Charles.
Schuchert, Charles, and Clara Mae LeVene. 2-Marsh, First U.S. Paleontology Prof. GP also paid for O.C. Marsh's science library (paleontology) and paid to ship these and fossil specimens (2.5 tons) to New Haven, Conn., where Marsh was the first U.S. professor of paleontology at Yale Univ. and the second such professor in the world. O.C. Marsh influenced GP's founding of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard (Oct. 8, 1866, $150,000), the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale (Oct. 22, 1866, $150,000), and less directly what is now the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Mass. (Feb. 26, 1867, $140,000). See: Science: GP's Contributions to Science and Science Education (below). Institutions named.
Schuchert, Charles, and Clara Mae LeVene. 3-Authors Worked with O.C. Marsh. Charles Schuchert (1858-1942), O.C. Marsh's biographer, helped Charles Emerson Beecher (1856-1904) prepare fossils at Yale during 1892-93, served on the U.S. Geological Survey (1893-94), was Yale's third paleontology professor (1904-23), taught the history of geology at Yale's Sheffield Scientific School, and was geological curator at Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History. Schuchert and co-author Clara M. LeVene, Peabody Museum of Yale librarian, both worked with O.C. Marsh and had full access to his papers. Reviewers praised the Schuchert and LeVene biography as "a labor of love." Ref.: Book Review Digest 1941, pp. 815-816. See: persons named.
Schuler, Hans (1874-1951), was the U.S. sculptor, born in Alsace Lorraine, then part of Germany, who was commissioned to create a bust of GP which was unveiled May 12, 1926, at the University Heights site of the Hall of Fame of New York Univ. See: Hall of Fame of New York Univ.
GP's Gifts to Science
Science: GP's Gifts to Science and Science Education. 1-Seven Gifts. GP's seven gifts to science, totaling $551,000, included: 1-The Md. Institute for the Promotion of Mechanic Arts, Baltimore, Oct. 31, 1851, $1,000 for a chemistry laboratory and school. 2-The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 8, 1866, $150,000 for a museum and professorship of anthropology. 3-The Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn., Oct. 22, 1866, $150,000 for a museum and professorship of paleontology. See: institutions named.
Science: GP's Gifts. 2-Seven Gifts Cont'd. 4-Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., Oct. 30, 1866, $25,000 for a professorship of mathematics and natural science. 5-Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, Nov. 6, 1866, $25,000 for a professorship of mathematics and civil engineering. 6-The Peabody Academy of Science (Feb. 26, 1867 to 1915), $140,000 to promote science in Essex County, Mass., renamed Peabody Museum of Salem (1915-92), and renamed Peabody Essex Museum (since 1992), Salem, Mass. 7-Washington College, renamed Washington and Lee Univ., Lexington, Va., 1871, $60,000 for a professorship of mathematics. Ref.: Ibid.
GP’s Nephew, O.C. Marsh, First U.S. Paleontologist, Yale
Science (O.C. Marsh). 3-Nephew O.C. Marsh. GP's nephew, Othniel Charles Marsh (1831-99), influenced his uncle's gifts to science and science education, particularly the founding of the Peabody Museums of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard (Oct. 8, 1866) and of Natural History at Yale (Oct. 22, 1866), and to a lesser extent the Peabody Academy of Science (Feb. 26, 1867), now the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Mass. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 4-Family Background. O.C. Marsh was the son of GP's younger sister Mary Gaines (née Peabody) Marsh (1807-34). Mary Gaines was the seventh child born to Thomas Peabody (1761-1811) and Judith (née Dodge) Peabody (1770-1830), who had eight children. GP, third-born and second son, was the enterprising family member who, a few years after his father's death (May 13, 1811), became the family supporter. See: Marsh, Othniel Charles.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 5-Mary Gaines Peabody Married Caleb Marsh. GP paid for his siblings' schooling and their children's schooling. He paid for Mary Gaines to attend Bradford Academy, Bradford, Mass. In 1826 at age 19 she fell in love with 26-year-old Caleb Marsh (b. c1800), who taught school near Bradford, Mass. The Peabody and Marsh families had been neighbors in Danvers, Mass., with the Marshes more affluent. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 6-Caleb Marsh, Farmer, Lockport, N.Y. About to marry Mary Gaines Peabody, Caleb Marsh expected financial or other help from GP. Caleb Marsh wrote to GP, busy traveling for his firm (Riggs, Peabody & Co.), asking help in getting starting in the dry goods business. Aware of pitfalls for beginners, GP discouraged Caleb Marsh. Caleb Marsh then wrote GP asking for a dowry and under what conditions it would be given. GP provided a monetary settlement, with safeguards. Inept in several enterprises and said later "not to be the best of husbands," Caleb Marsh turned to farming in Lockport, N.Y. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 7-Mary Gaines (Peabody) Marsh died Age 27. Mary Gaines (née Peabody) Marsh died of cholera before her 27th birthday after giving birth to her third child, George Marsh, who also died in his first year of life. She left Caleb Marsh a widower with two children: Mary, age five, and Othniel Charles, approaching age three. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 8-Early Years. Caleb lost heart, returned to Mass., remarried, started a shoe factory which failed, and returned with his second wife to his farm near Lockport, N.Y. There, he fathered six more children. Still inept, he squandered some dowry funds GP had given his sister. Ref.: Ibid. Wallace, D.R., pp. 24-25.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 9-Early Interest in Fossils. O.C. Marsh, called "Othy" as a boy, lived sometimes with aunts and uncles, and also with his father and stepmother on the Marsh farm about a mile from Lockport, N.Y., near the recently excavated Erie Canal. The oldest son in a growing family whose stepmother had little time for him, O.C. Marsh, expected by his father to help with farm work, resisted. He preferring to roam, hunt, and search for fossil-rich rocks in nearby Erie Canal excavations. These fossil-rich rocks attracted fossil collectors from far and wide, both professional and amateurs, including Col. Ezekiel Jewett (1791-1877) who, about 1845 when Marsh was about age 14, first turned the boy's interest toward science and paleontology. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 10-Geologist Ezekiel Jewett. Born in Rindge, N.H., Ezekiel Jewett was an ensign in the 11th U.S. Army infantry, War of 1812, under Gen. Winfield Scott (1786-1866). Jewett was later promoted to second lieutenant and was a colonel about 1816 after serving heroically in Chile and other South American insurrections. The crusty soldier of fortune was also an enthusiastic and indefatigable collector of fossil rocks. A fellow geologist described him as: "Invincible in his search and accordingly successful; intelligent, quick of apprehension and understand; [and] exquisitely and effectively profane…." Col. Jewett conducted a summer school in geology in Lockport for several years when he came to young Marsh's attention. Ref.: Ibid., p. 18. Clarke, p. 242.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 11-Ezekiel Jewett Cont'd. Young Marsh first admired Ezekiel Jewett's skill as a rifleman. Marsh later wrote: Col. Jewett was "the best shot in Western New York…. All envied him but I resolved to beat him…. One day I saw him collecting fossils near the locks…. I joined him occasionally…[and] helped him collect, imbibing wisdom with every hour…. Take him all in all he was one [of the] grandest men I have ever met." Ref. O.C. Marsh, "Col. E. Jewett & what he did for me as boy & man," U.S. National Archives, Record Group No. 57, from Archivist Barbara Narendra, Yale Univ.'s Peabody Museum of Natural History.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 12-Ezekiel Jewett Cont'd. Col. Jewett became curator of the N.Y. State Cabinet of Natural History. Young Marsh went on to an erratic schooling at the Collegiate Institute, Wilson, N.Y. (1847-49) and the Lockport Union School (1850) before attending (at uncle GP's expense) Phillips Academy, Andover Mass., where he blossomed as a scholar. Ref. Schuchert and LeVene, pp. 17-18, and Plate III (medallion portrait of Ezekiel Jewett). Clarke, pp. 241-243. Wells, John W., p. 34-39. See: Jewett, Ezekiel. Marsh, Othniel Charles.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 13-Marsh at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. The death of his sister Mary when she was 22 is said to have shocked O.C. Marsh into buckling down to hard private study. At age 21, inheriting $1,200 of his deceased mother's dowry from GP, Marsh enrolled at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. His fellow students, who were in their teens, called Marsh, who was in his early 20s, "Daddy," and "Captain" (he captained the football team), more in respect than ridicule. He soon became an academic achiever and did some summer fossil hunting. A classmate later recalled that O.C. Marsh made “a clean sweep of all" Phillips Academy honors. He also showed a shrewdness in being elected president of a school society in a strategy planned a year ahead. Ref.: Ibid. Wallace, D.R., p. 26.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 14-Marsh at Yale. GP, in London, pleased by good reports of his nephew Marsh's progress from his sister Judith Dodge (née Peabody) Russell Daniels (1799-1879), helped pay his expenses at Phillips Academy. Learning that young Marsh wanted to attend Yale College, GP agreed to pay for his schooling there. Marsh studied geology under Prof. James Dwight Dana (1813-95) and chemistry under Benjamin Silliman, Jr. (1816-85). Marsh was eighth in his graduating class of 109 students at Yale in 1860 (B.A. degree). With GP's approval and support, O.C. Marsh attended Yale's newly opened (1861) graduate Sheffield Scientific School. In two years he earned the M.A. degree in science (1862), at a cost to GP, according to science historian Bernard Jaffe, of $2,200. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 15-Budding Scholar. In 1861 Marsh wrote a scientific paper read at a Geological Society of London meeting, published in its Transactions, and reprinted in the U.S. and Europe. His summer vacation field work on fossils in Nova Scotia, Canada, brought praise from Harvard zoology Prof. Louis Agassiz (1807-73), world authority on fossil fishes. Agassiz wrote to Prof. Benjamin Silliman, Jr.: "A student from your Scientific School, Mr. Marsh, has shown me today two vertebrae...which has excited my interest in the highest degree." Marsh wrote proudly from Georgetown, Mass., to GP, London, June 9, 1862: "I was so fortunate during one of my vacations as to make a discovery which has already attracted considerable attention among scientific men." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 16-Marsh Plans German Univ. Study. Weak eyesight kept Marsh from serving in the Civil War. In that same June 9, 1862, letter to GP he added: "If the plan for completing my studies in Germany, which you once so kindly approved, still meets with your approbation, I should like to go in September next [1862]." GP approved and sent Marsh £200 ($1,000). Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 17-Marsh: Ambitious, Eager. Always eager to please his uncle, Marsh was upset by an article his father sent him from the Lockport Journal and Courier, reprinted from a Danvers, Mass., newspaper. He wrote his father that he was "sorry that someone had no more discretion than to preface the notice with some statements which are calculated to do me more injury than...good. The published statement that I am expecting a Professorship at Yale would do not a little towards preventing my getting it. So also that my expenses at College were paid by Uncle George and that he intended to make me his heir, were certainly very injudicious remarks." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Gift). 18-Marsh on GP's Intended Harvard Gift. Marsh sailed for Europe in Oct. 1862. GP talked to his nephew in London about his [GP's] intended gift to Harvard Univ. Marsh described these talks in a letter to his mentor, Yale Prof. Benjamin Silliman, Jr. "I had a long talk with Mr. P. in regard to his future plans and donations.... I will tell you confidentially that Harvard will have her usual good fortune. So many of our family have been educated at Harvard that he naturally felt a greater interest in that institution than in Yale, of which I am the only representative." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Gift). 19-Marsh on GP's Intended Harvard Gift. Cont'd. "I can assure you, however, that I did [not] allow the claims of my Alma Mater to be forgotten...and I have strong hopes that she may yet be favored although nothing is as yet definitely arranged. The donation to H. [Harvard] is a large one and for a School of Design.... I did not recommend an endowment for a similar object at Yale, partly because I did not feel so much interest in Art as in Science and partly because Mr. P. manifested so much interest in my scientific studies that I thought it not unlikely that he would be more inclined to that department. I did not propose any definite plan..., as I had then none to propose, but shall hope to do so before long as I do not intend to let the matter rest until something definite is decided upon...." Ref.: Ibid.
Harvard's Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
Science (Harvard Gift). 20-What Gift to Harvard? GP's first gift idea for Harvard in 1861 was an astronomical observatory. He discussed this idea in letters to Francis Peabody (1801-68) of Salem and William Henry Appleton (1814-84) of Boston. The Harvard gift idea was also discussed with former Harvard Pres. Edward Everett (1794-1865). Everett thought Harvard needed a "School of Design" [i.e., art], more than an observatory. GP's Harvard gift idea thus changed from observatory to a School of Design (art) when he spoke to his nephew O.C. Marsh in London in mid-Oct. 1862. Marsh's enthusiasm about science influenced GP, turning his Harvard gift idea toward science, and resulting in the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard (Oct. 8, 1866). Ref.: Ibid. See: persons named.
Science (Yale Hopeful). 21-Science at Yale. O.C. Marsh's letters from Germany evoked special interest among Yale's small band of scientists. By one account, Prof. Silliman, Sr., had years before sounded out GP about aiding science at Yale, but nothing came of it. Now, with O.C. Marsh as a budding Yale scholar, his Yale teachers had renewed hope of GP's aiding science at Yale. Learning that Prof. Silliman, Jr., had worked out with Prof. James Dwight Dana a plan for a possible Peabody Museum at Yale, Marsh wrote on Feb. 16, 1863: "I shall see Mr. P. in the spring or early in the summer, and shall then try to bring the subject before him in a way best suited to ensure its success." See: Marsh, Othniel Charles.
Science (Yale Hopeful). 22-Plan Peabody Museum, Yale. At the Univ. of Berlin, on advice from his Yale mentors, Marsh specialized in vertebrate paleontology. When he met GP in mid-May 1863 in Hamburg, Germany, Marsh was better able to explain to his uncle the need for an endowed museum which would send out expeditions to find ancient animal and human remains and so reconstruct the antecedents and cultural history of man. Marsh told his uncle that Yale's Sheffield Scientific School (founded 1861) had made such a beginning. He laid out Prof. Benjamin Silliman, Jr.'s, plan for a scientific Peabody museum at Yale. Satisfied that it was a sound idea, GP named five trustees: O.C. Marsh, Benjamin Silliman, Sr. and Jr., James Dixon, and James Dwight Dana. Ref.: Ibid.
Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History
Science (Yale Hopeful). 23-Plan Peabody Museum, Yale Cont'd. GP told Marsh that he would soon add a codicil to his will endowing the Yale museum. Marsh wrote jubilantly from Hamburg to Prof. Silliman, Sr., May 25, 1863: "I take great pleasure in announcing to you that Mr. George Peabody has decided to extend his generosity to Yale College, and will leave a legacy of one hundred thousand dollars to promote the interests of Natural Science in that Institution." Marsh added: "Mr. Peabody suggests that the Trustees...decide upon a plan...best adapted to promote the object proposed, and to embody the main features of this plan in a clause to be inserted in his will." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Yale Hopeful). 24-Plan Peabody Museum, Yale Cont'd. GP also told Marsh in their May 1863 meeting in Hamburg that although he set the amount to Yale at $100,000, he might raise it and that Yale would receive the gift on his death. As it turned out, GP gave the museum gift to Harvard on Oct. 8 and to Yale on Oct. 22, during his May 1, 1866, to May 1, 1867, U.S. visit, raising the amounts to $150,000 each. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Yale Hopeful). 25-Plan Peabody Museum, Yale Cont'd. Prof. Benjamin Silliman, Jr., urged Marsh to collect fossils, books, and scientific papers on paleontology. He explained that doing this would prepare Marsh for a Yale professorship in paleontology and would also make the need for a museum more evident to all. Prof. James Dwight Dana echoed Prof. Silliman, Jr.'s suggestion for Marsh to study further in Germany. Unlike the strong U.S. liberal arts tradition, teaching science was new and suspect after Christian fundamentalists denounced the theory of evolution described in Charles Darwin's Origin of Species (1859). Fundamentalists feared that belief in evolution might supplant belief in divine Biblical revelation. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Yale Hopeful). 26-Yale Professorship for Marsh. Amidst this conflict between science and religion, Yale's small band of scientists saw hope for their science disciplines in GP's intended museum gifts to Harvard and Yale, and particularly in the Morrill Act of 1862. That act provided federal land grants to states' higher education for science and mechanic arts (engineering). The Conn. legislature in 1863 voted to allocate Morrill Act funds to Yale's Sheffield Scientific School. Prof. Dana remarked, "The fact is Yale is going to be largely rebuilt, and all at once! The time of her renaissance has come!!" Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Yale Hopeful). 27-Plan Peabody Museum, Yale Cont'd. July 1863 Marsh, studying at Heidelberg, wrote to GP: "One...result of your [projected] donation to Yale has been to...realize my highest hopes of a position [there].... The faculty propose to create a new Professorship of Geology and Paleontology.... This Professorship...corresponds to that held by the great Agassiz at Harvard." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Yale Hopeful). 28-Marsh Needed Science Library and Fossil Collection. Marsh explained to his uncle that he needed a library and fossil collection: "Such a library and cabinet...can only be obtained in Europe.... The amount necessary...would be 3 or 4 thousand dollars.... I have felt some hesitation in asking you for this assistance in view of all you have already done for me, but I have thought it much the best way to state the whole case frankly and leave the matter with you." GP wrote Marsh from Scotland in Aug. 1863 that he would give him $3,500 to buy a library and specimens. Ref.: Ibid.
Science. 29-GP Retired. Ill and wanting to retire, GP cut his ties with George Peabody & Co. on Oct. 1, 1864. Without a son and knowing he would have no control after death, he asked that his name be withdrawn from the firm. Partner Junius Spencer Morgan (1813-90) urged GP to postpone retirement. GP wrote J.S. Morgan politely but firmly: "...I can now make no change, for although the continuance of the firm for three or six months, which you suggest, may appear short to you, to me--feeling as I deeply do, the uncertainty of life at the age of seventy--months would appear as years, for I am most anxious before I die to place my worldly affairs in a much more satisfactory state than they are at present." Ref.: Ibid.
Science. 30-Successor Firms. Thus was George Peabody & Co. (1838-64) succeeded by J.S. Morgan & Co. (1864-1909), by Morgan Grenfell & Co. (1910-1918), Morgan Grenfell & Co. Ltd. (1918-90), and Deutsche Morgan Grenfell (since June 29, 1990, German owned). O.C. Marsh wrote GP from the Univ. of Breslau Oct. 21, 1864: "I saw in the papers the announcement of your retirement.... Before I retire I should like to do for Science as much as you have done for your fellowmen; and if my health continues I shall try hard to do so." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 31-Marsh at Univ. of Breslau. Marsh expected his Yale professorship in June 1864, but was disappointed when it was postponed until June 1865. Being already in Germany, he wrote his uncle that he thought it best to study at the Univ. of Breslau (he was the first U.S. student to attend there). GP approved and paid his expenses. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 32-Marsh's Books and Fossils. Marsh selected a library of books on geology and paleontology, for which his uncle paid $5,000. GP arranged with his agent-friend, Horatio Gates Somerby (1805-72), born in Newburyport, Mass., a London-based genealogist, to ship Marsh's effects to the U.S. The books and fossils went through customs two years later weighing 2.5 tons. Marsh's fossils were the basis of the collection of the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale. His books formed the basis of its library collection in geology and paleontology. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 33-Marsh and Leading Scientists. In Berlin Marsh met and spoke with Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875). In Paris he met and spoke with French geologist Philippe-Èdouard Poulletier de Verneuil (1805-73). In London, when he was not with his uncle, he spent his time at the British Museum with the Keeper of Geology, Henry Woodward (1832-1921). Marsh also met such British scientists as Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-95) and Charles Darwin (1809-82). Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 34-GP's U.S. Visit, 1866-67. Back at Yale in March 1866, teaching Prof. Dana's classes in geology, Marsh wrote to his cousin-in-law Charles W. Chandler (d. 1882), husband of cousin Julia Adelaide (née Peabody) Chandler (b. April 25, 1835) and a lawyer in Zanesville, Ohio, that GP was about to visit the U.S. (May 1, 1866 to May 1, 1867). Ref.: Ibid.
Science. 35-Philanthropic Advisor R.C. Winthrop. GP arrived in NYC on the Scotia, May 3, 1866, for his year-long U.S. visit. He conferred on May 9 and frequently thereafter with his philanthropic advisor, Robert Charles Winthrop (1809-94). Winthrop had been highly recommended to GP in 1862 in London by Thurlow Weed (1797-1882), politically powerful N.Y. State editor. Weed was in London in 1862 as Pres. Lincoln's emissary to keep Britain from siding with the Confederacy in the Civil War. Weed pointed out that Winthrop was uniquely qualified to advise and guide GP's philanthropy. Ref.: Ibid.
GP’s Philanthropic Advisor, Robert Charles Winthrop
Science. 36-R.C. Winthrop's Career. Winthrop was the distinguished descendant of early Mass. Bay Colony Gov. John Winthrop (1588-1649). He was a Harvard graduate (1828), trained in Daniel Webster's law office, member of the Mass. legislature (1834-39, and its Speaker), member of the U.S. House of Representative (1842-50, its Speaker during 1847-50). He was appointed to fill Daniel Webster's U.S. Senate seat (1851). He gave the main addresses at the Washington Monument cornerstone laying (1848) and at its completion (1885). Known and respected by the U.S. political and academic power structure, Winthrop agreed in 1866 to help plan GP's philanthropy. In 1867 Winthrop helped name the PEF trustees, was president of that board, and guided its work to his death in 1894. Ref.: Ibid.
Science. 37-GP Laid His Philanthropic Plans before Winthrop. When GP first laid before Winthrop his philanthropic plans (most likely on May 9, 1866), Winthrop expressed amazement at their size and scope. Winthrop remembered GP's reply and quoted it in his Feb. 8, 1870, eulogy at GP's funeral service. GP's words, underlined below, were later cut into the stone marker placed at the temporary grave site in Westminster Abbey where GP's remains lay in state 30 days (Nov. 11-Dec. 12, 1869). GP had replied: "Why, Mr. Winthrop, this is no new idea to me. From the earliest of my manhood I have contemplated some such disposition of my property; and I have prayed my Heavenly Father, day by day, that I might be enabled before I died, to show my gratitude for the blessings which He has bestowed upon me, by doing some great good for my fellow-men." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 38-Meetings on Peabody Museum, Harvard. Winthrop had a series of meetings on the Peabody Museum of Harvard: with GP on June 1, 1866, at the Tremont House, Boston; on June 4 with GP's nephews, Yale Prof. O.C. Marsh and George Peabody Russell (1835-1909, Harvard graduate, class of 1856) at the Massachusetts Historical Society; and on June 17 again with GP, who gave Winthrop permission to consult confidentially with Harvard friends. Winthrop especially sought the advice and approval of Louis Agassiz (1807-73), leading U.S. scientist and Harvard zoologist. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 39-James Walker on Peabody Museum, Harvard. Winthrop also talked to Harvard's former Pres. James Walker (1794-1874, Harvard president during 1853-60). Agassiz, Winthrop, and Walker knew that Harvard officials preferred new gifts of money to go to its library and to its Museum of Comparative Zoology rather than for GP's proposed museum. Pres. Walker said to Winthrop: "...When a generous man like Mr. Peabody proposes a great gift, we...had better take what he offers and take it on his terms, and for the object which he evidently has at heart.... There...will be, as you say, disappointments in some quarters. But the branch of Science, to which this endowment is devoted, is one to which many minds in Europe are now eagerly turning.... This Museum...will be the first of its kind in our country." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 40-Peabody Museum, Harvard, Founding Letter. Winthrop communicated his conversation with Pres. Walker to GP on July 6, 1866. On Sept. 24 Winthrop again met with GP and his nephews, Prof. O.C. Marsh and G.P. Russell. On Sept. 28, 1866, Winthrop called the first meeting of the trustees of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard. The trustees accepted GP's gift of $150,000. His founding letter, dated Oct. 8, 1866, ended with these suggestions that: "...In view of the gradual obliteration or destruction of the works and remains of the ancient races of this continent,[that] the labor of exploration and collection be commenced...as early...as practicable; and also, that, in the event of the discovery in America of human remains or implements of an earlier geological period than the present, especial attention be given to their study, and their comparison with those found in other countries." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 41-Anthropology at Harvard. Thus, O.C. Marsh, a Yale man, influenced the founding at Harvard of the first U.S. museum of anthropology in the U.S. It was endowed by GP nine years after the discovery in 1857 in Prussia of the Neanderthal skull, which renewed interest in man's origins. Ethnological items, long collected but unexamined, were soon donated to the new Peabody Museum at Harvard by New England societies, including the Mass. Historical Society. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 42-Walker on Science at Harvard. When the Mass. Historical Society's ethnological items were transferred to the Peabody Museum at Harvard, former Harvard Pres. James Walker said, "For a long time Harvard has exhausted her resources on the traditional liberal arts. The time has come for her to advance scientific knowledge. Mr. Peabody shows great wisdom in facilitating cooperation between the Massachusetts Historical Society and his Museum at Harvard through trustees of the latter who are prominent members of the former." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 43-Harvard Began Study of Anthropology. Anthropologists-historians Charles Franklin Thwing (1853-1937) and Ernest Ingersoll (1852-1946) each wrote that the Peabody Museum at Harvard began the systematic study of anthropology in U. S. higher education. Pre-Columbian life in North America was largely unexplored; existing collections were slight and fragmentary. Ref.: Ibid.
Frederic Ward Putnam, "Father of American Anthropology”
Science (Harvard Museum). 44-Putnam at Harvard. Many early prominent scientists were officers of the Peabody Museum of Harvard, including Frederic Ward Putnam (1839-1915). He was its curator during 1874-1909 and enhanced its reputation as well as his own. He was called by his peers the "Father of American Anthropology." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 45-Putnam at Harvard Cont'd. While at the Peabody Museum of Harvard, he yet found time to help found the 1-Anthropology Dept. of the American Museum of Natural History, NYC, during 1894-1903; 2-the Dept. and Museum of Anthropology, Univ. of California, during 1903-09; and 3-he was secretary of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, during 1873-98. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 46-Putnam at Harvard Cont'd. Famed anthropologist Prof. Franz Boas (1858-1942) wrote that F.W. Putnam pursued the subject of early man in North America with "unconquerable tenacity." Putnam wrote over 400 anthropological reports, many of them on the culture of the "mound builders," ancient ancestors of the American Indians. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 47-Putnam at Harvard Cont'd. At its centennial in 1967, Peabody Museum Director John O. Brew (1906-88) stated that its personnel had pioneered in studying the unique Mayan culture in Central America and had led a total of 688 expeditions worldwide to study early human life. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 48-Praised by Charles Darwin. O.C. Marsh was a convinced evolutionist when in the early 1860s he visited Charles Darwin at his country home in England. Twenty years later Charles Darwin wrote to Marsh, crediting him with findings fossils that provided the best evidence to prove the theory of evolution. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 49-Praised by T.H. Huxley. Marsh also published fossil proof of the North American origin of the horse. The previous belief was that the horse originated in Europe and was brought to America with Christopher Columbus and the conquistadors. Darwin's strongest defender, Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-95), visiting Marsh at Yale in 1876, became so convinced by Marsh's horse fossil findings that he changed the content of his U. S. lectures, citing Marsh's proof of the pre-Columbian origin of the horse in North America. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 50-Astute Organizer. As Yale Prof. of Paleontology and Director of Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History, Marsh did not teach or receive a salary until his last years, when his private income (left to him by GP) was almost gone. He was an astute organizer of Yale assistants, directing their field work by telegraph and letter, overseeing their collecting and shipping of railroad carloads of fossils. At Yale he assembled entire dinosaurs, toothed birds, and other extinct mammals. His enormous collection at Yale was still being catalogued in the 1990s. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 51-Dinosaur Fossil Finder. He made his major dinosaur fossil finds in the mid 1870s-80s in the Rocky Mountain region; at Como Bluff in eastern Wyoming; Canyon City, Colorado; and elsewhere in the rugged U.S. West. He used Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History resources, student assistants, and federal funds in his capacity as U.S. Geological Survey paleontologist (1882-92) and honorary curator of vertebrate paleontology at the U.S. National Museum (1887) to find over 1,000 new fossil vertebrates, many of which he classified and described. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 52-Prominent Scientist. Marsh lived like a Victorian gentleman in his 18-room New Haven, Conn., house, courting U.S. and foreign scientists and politicians. On frequent trips to NYC Marsh was often seen in fashionable clubs. For 12 years he was president of the National Academy of Sciences, the most prestigious U.S. scientific body. He was prominent in national science affairs and wielded influence in government and academic science circles. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 53-Criticism. He was also criticized by some peers and assistants. One assistant, Samuel Wendell Williston (1852-1918), who achieved scientific renown after leaving O.C. Marsh's employ, criticized him for publishing fossil findings of his assistants as his own. Marsh's last years were marred by lack of money and loss of U.S. government support. Ref.: Ibid.
Marsh-Cope Rivalry: Dinosaur Fossils
Science (O.C. Marsh). 54-Marsh-Cope Compared. Marsh's professional rival was Philadelphia-born paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope (1840-97). Cope was the son of a wealthy Quaker shipowner and philanthropist. Like Marsh, Cope's mother died when he was three-years-old. Unlike Marsh, Cope grew up in a well-ordered household, did well in a Quaker school, and published his first scientific paper at age 18. Marsh did little until age 20 and published his first paper at age 30. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 55-Marsh-Cope Compared Cont'd. Both studied science in Europe. Cope lived with wife and daughter in Haddonfield, N.J. When his father died (1875), Cope at age 35 inherited a fortune which he used to finance his fossil finds. Though wealthy, Cope lived simply, in contrast to Marsh. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 56-Marsh-Cope Rivalry. Marsh and Cope met in Berlin in 1862. They met again for a friendly week in the U.S. in 1868. From then on, they competed for a quarter-century in the rugged west to find and identify new mammal fossils in scientific publications. Cope, of brilliant mind and wider natural history interests than Marsh, had no institutional connections until, financially depleted in his last years, he was a Univ. of Penn. professor. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 57-Marsh-Cope Rivalry Cont'd. Marsh had the knack of management and made the most of academic and federal government connections. From this rivalry came a treasure trove of dinosaur fossil findings, 80 new kinds of dinosaurs found and described in publications by Marsh and 56 found and described in publications by Cope. From this rivalry came much of what is now known about dinosaurs. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 58-Marsh, GP, Science. Dinosaur displays attracted visitors, particularly young visitors, made science museums popular, and furthered science education. Marsh's biographers estimate that GP gave Yale directly and indirectly through bequests to Marsh close to half a million dollars. The Peabody Museums at Harvard and Yale, their collections, field exploration, exhibits, famous murals (particularly at the Yale Museum), and education programs are eminently the achievements of their directors and staffs. Yet GP's gifts to science education, influenced by nephew O.C. March, made these achievements possible. Ref.: Ibid. Ref. Schiff, p. 80.
Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Mass.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Mass.) 59-200-Year History. The Peabody Essex Museum's 200-year history started long before GP's Feb. 26, 1867, $140,000 gift founded the Peabody Academy of Science. This Peabody Academy of Science (1867-1915), renamed the Peabody Museum of Salem (1915-1992), combined the science collections of two societies, the East India Marine Society, founded in 1799, and the Essex County Natural History Society, founded in 1833. Ref. Parker, F.-q, pp. 137-153, reprinted Parker, F.-zd, pp. 129-140.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum). 60-East India Marine Society. The East India Marine Society's ethnological and marine history collections were brought back by Salem's acquisitive shipmasters from China, Sumatra, India, and the Pacific islands. Before GP's 1867 gift, these were inadequately housed in the moribund East India Marine Society Building in Salem. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum). 61-Essex Institute. Next door was the Essex County Natural History Society, founded in 1833, to collect New England's natural history antiquities. In 1848 this Essex County Natural History Society merged with the Essex Historical Society, founded in 1821 to preserve the history and relics of Essex County, Mass. The 1848 merger resulted in the Essex Institute. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum). 62-Peabody Academy of Science. Soon after, the Peabody Academy of Science (1867) housed and displayed the East India Marine Society's (1799) ethnological and maritime history collections, along with the Essex Institute's Natural History Society's (1833) collections. Other New England societies began to donate their ethnological and maritime objects to the then new (1867) Peabody Academy of Science. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum). 63-Name Change to Peabody Essex Museum. The Peabody Academy of Science (1867-1915) was renamed the Peabody Museum of Salem (1915-1992) and renamed the Peabody Essex Museum since 1992, all at the same location in Salem, Mass. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum). 64-First Dir. Edward Sylvester Morse. Edward Sylvester Morse (1838-1925) was Peabody Academy of Science's first director during 1880-1916. E.S. Morse was Louis Agassiz's (1807-73) student at Harvard Univ. and had worked with other Agassiz students, including Frederic W. Putnam (1839-1915), director of the Peabody Museum of Harvard during 1874-1909. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum). 65-E.S. Morse in Japan. E.S. Morse, who organized the Peabody Academy of Science collections, achieved scientific renown by teaching zoology for the first time at the Imperial Univ. of Tokyo, Japan, during 1877-79 and 1882-83. He founded there a zoological department, library, museum, and journal, and was the first to lecture on Darwinian evolution. For introducing science to Japan during the Meiji period, when Japan first turned to western influence, Morse earned several Japanese honors, including two monuments built to his memory. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum). 66-Name Change. The Peabody Academy of Science (1867-1915) was renamed the Peabody Museum of Salem (1915-92). In 1984 the Peabody Museum of Salem absorbed the China Trade Museum of Milton, Mass., containing the finest collection of Asian export art in the world. In July 1992, after 200 years of public showing of Asian and Pacific ethnological and marine history treasures, the Peabody Museum of Salem and the Essex Institute consolidated into the Peabody and Essex Museum, soon renamed the Peabody Essex Museum. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum). 67-Six Departments. The Peabody Essex Museum has more than a hundred staff. Its focus is on science education for the visiting public, especially young visitors. The museum's collections illuminate Salem's history from its founding as the third oldest colonial village to its zenith as a seaport, when its ships carried goods, culture, and artifacts between the U.S. and the then little-known Oriental and Pacific worlds. The museum's six departments cover 1-Maritime History, 2-American Decorative Arts and Essex County Historical Collections, 3-Asian Export Art, 4-Ethnology, 5-Natural History, 6-and Archaeology. These six departments are housed in nine buildings open for public tours. The nine buildings are historic in that they span Salem's residential architecture from its beginning to
Following Background "Preface" below 10 of 14 blogs covers alphabetically: Salem Village, Mass. to U.S. Ministers. 3.
Background: "Preface" 1 of 14 tells the why-when-where-how-findings-and-motives of the authors’ research on Franklin Parker’s doctoral dissertation, “George Peabody, Founder of Modern Philanthropy,” completed 1956 at George Peabody College for Teachers, adjoining Vanderbilt University, which on July 1, 1979, became Peabody College of Vanderbilt University, Nashville.
George Peabody, so well known in the 1850s-60s but since sadly neglected, was a significant 19th century figure as: 1-a Massachusetts-born merchant in the U.S. South: Riggs & Peabody, later Peabody & Riggs (1814-38), who imported dry goods and other commodities (worldwide) for sale to U.S. wholesalers. George Peabody then became: 2-a London-based merchant-banker, George Peabody & Co. (1838-64), who financed in part the B&O RR, the 2nd Mexican War Loan, the Atlantic Cable, and with J.S. Morgan as partner, was the root of the JP Morgan international banking firm. Finally, this merchant-turned-banker became: 3-the best known philanthropist of his time (1850s-60s), who founded the Peabody Homes of London for the working poor; in the U.S. 7 Peabody Libraries and Lecture Halls; the Peabody Conservatory of Music, Baltimore; three Peabody Museums at Harvard (Anthropology), Yale (Paleontology), and the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, MA (maritime history); and founder of the Peabody Education Fund for the South (1867-1914), basis for all later larger U.S. funds and foundations. End of Background.
Salem Village, Mass., first called Brooksby (1626), became known as Salem Village, and then Danvers (1752-1855), then South Danvers (1855-68), and since April 13, 1868, Peabody, Mass. See: Peabody, Mass.
London Times Editor
Sampson, Marmaduke Blake (d.1876). 1-London Times Editor. Marmaduke Blake Sampson was an accomplished classical scholar, had been secretary of the treasury committee of the Bank of England, was city editor of the London Times for 30 years, and wrote its financial columns (1854-74). He was present at GP's July 4, 1854, dinner at the Star and Garter at Richmond near London, at which super patriot U.S. London Legation Secty. Daniel Edgar Sickles (1819-1914) walked out in anger because GP toasted Queen Victoria before toasting the U.S. President. GP consulted with M.B. Sampson during the subsequent charge and countercharge in letters to newspapers over the incident. Ref.:(Blake mentioned): Wallace and Gillespie, eds., II, pp. 896 (footnote 8), 1110-1111, ff. See: Dinners, GP's, London. Peabody Homes of London. Sickles, Daniel Edgar.
Sampson, M.B. 2-Attended July 9, 1858, Dinner. M.B. Sampson was also the only Englishman who attended GP's July 9, 1858, banquet at the Crystal Palace, London, for 50 Americans, including U.S. Minister to Britain George Mifflin Dallas (1792-1864) and family and John Pendleton Kennedy (1795-1870). M.B. Sampson is also mentioned in connection with the public announcement of GP's March 12, 1862, Peabody Donation Fund letter founding the Peabody Homes of London. Ref.: Ibid.
Trent Affair
San Jacinto (ship). 1-British Trent Illegally Stopped. On Nov. 8, 1861, Union warship San Jacinto under Capt. Charles Wilkes (1798-1877) fired shots that stopped the British mail packet Trent in the West Indies Bahama Channel. Four Confederate emissaries were illegally and forcibly removed from the Trent and taken to Boston Harbor's Fort Warren prison. They were James Murray Mason (1798-1871) of Va. and his male secretary, seeking recognition, aid, and arms from England; and John Slidell (1793-1871) of La. and his male secretary (George Eustice, 1828-72, from La.), seeking aid and arms from France. See: Trent Affair.
San Jacinto. 2-Affected News of Peabody Homes of London Gift. Their seizure created exultation in the U.S. North but anger and near-war preparations by Britain. Bad feelings lasted well into 1862, affecting GP in London who, with his advisors and trustees, delayed until March 12, 1862, announcement of the Peabody Donation Fund, a $2.5 million (total, 1862-69) gift for apartments for London's working poor. Ref.: Ibid.
San Jacinto. 3-Mrs. Louise Morris (née Corcoran) Eustice. Another GP-Trent connection was with Slidell's secretary George Eustice, married to Louise Morris Corcoran (1838-67), only daughter of GP's longtime business associate William Wilson Corcoran (1798-1888) of Washington, D.C. She was a favorite of GP, who had entertained Corcoran and his daughter, sometimes the daughter alone, on European trips. She was on the Trent when her husband was illegally removed. When she reached England, GP's partner in George Peabody & Co., Junius Spencer Morgan (1813-90), called on her to see after her welfare. U.S. jingoism calmed. Pres. Lincoln's cabinet met Dec. 26, 1861, disavowed Capt. Wilkes's action, and the four Confederates were released Jan. 1, 1862. Ref.: Ibid. See: persons named.
GP In Rome
San Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy. 1-In Rome. GP gave a $19,300 gift to San Spirito Hospital, a Vatican charitable hospital, Rome, Italy, during Feb. 24-28, 1868. He was in Rome, Italy, with philanthropic advisor Robert Charles Winthrop (1809-94), Feb. 19-28, 1868, for sittings in U.S. sculptor William Wetmore Story's (1819-95) studio for the GP seated statue Story was preparing for placement on Threadneedle St., near the Royal Exchange (unveiled July 23, 1869, by the Prince of Wales).
San Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy. 2-Visit with the Pope. About Feb. 24-25, 1868, GP and Winthrop, accompanied by former Secty. of the U.S. Legation in Rome Mr. Hooker (who arranged the visit), had an audience with Pope Pius IX (Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, 1792-1878, Pope during 1846-78). It was GP's only audience with the Pope and Winthrop's second audience (Winthrop's first audience with the Pope, 1860). Cornell Univ. Pres. Andrew Dickson White (1832-1918) heard from sculptor W.W. Story that Winthrop introduced GP to the Pope "as a gentleman who though unmarried, had hundreds of children; whereupon the Pope, taking him literally, held up his hands and answered, 'Fi donc! Fi donc!" (French expression of disapproval). Ref.: Ibid.
San Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy. 3-Charitable Hospital Gift. Leaving the Pope, Mr. Hooker introduced GP and Winthrop to Cardinal Giacomo Antonelli (1806-76). The conversation turned to the hospital of San Spirito among other charitable institutions in Rome. When GP reached his room that night (about Feb. 24-25, 1868), he sent the cardinal a contribution. GP left Rome Feb. 27, 1868, for Genoa, then went by boat to Nice, France, arriving March 3, 1868, where Baltimore friend John Pendleton Kennedy (1795-1870) briefly visited him (Kennedy was on his way to Rome). Ref.: Ibid.
San Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy. 4-To Cannes & Paris. GP then went to Cannes, France, March 16, 1868, to visit George Eustis (1828-72), William Wilson Corcoran's son-in-law (Corcoran's only daughter Louise Morris née Corcoran Eustis died Dec. 4, 1867, leaving him and their three children). GP, accompanied by Winthrop, then went to Paris about March 16, where they were received by Napoleon III (1808-73) and Empress Eugénie (1826-1920). Ref.: Ibid. See: persons named.
San Spirito Hospital, Rome, Italy. 5-False Report of GP Statue in Rome. GP's visit to Rome, audience with the Pope, and gift to the San Spirito Hospital may have been the basis for a short item from Rome in the vast publicity on GP's death (Nov. 4, 1869) and transatlantic funeral: "A statue of Mr. Peabody is to be erected at Rome by order of the Pope." No GP statue in Rome ever materialized. Ref.: Ibid.
Carl Sandburg
Sandburg, Carl (1878-1967). 1-"poor boys who have become rich." Carl Sandburg was a U.S. poet (The People, Yes, 1936) and biographer of Abraham Lincoln, six volumes, 1926-39. His autobiographical Always the Young Strangers, 1953, tells of his first reading about GP in a small vest pocket booklet series titled "Packed in Duke's Cigarettes." As a schoolboy growing up in Galesburg, Ill. (about 1890), walking to school he picked up a smudged booklet (2" & 3/4 " long by l" & 1'/2 " wide), brushed off the dirt, and saw its title, A Short History of General P.T. Beauregard, part of a "Series of Small Books." Ref.: Sandburg-b, pp. 260, 262-263, 269.
Sandburg, Carl. 2-"poor boys who have become rich" Cont'd. Fascinated with it, he found adults who smoked that brand. One adult agreed to give him the booklet inserts. He collected this series, read and swapped them with other boy collectors. Sandburg was charmed by the Life of Cornelius Vanderbilt, one of a series of 50 on the lives of "poor boys who have become rich." Proud of his vest pocket library, the future poet and biographer reflected on his remembrance on reading the booklet on GP. Ref.: Ibid.
Sandburg, Carl. 3-On First Reading About GP. Sandburg remembered that: "On the back of another book was a bare-shouldered woman worth looking at, one breast bare, and she held a shining green wreath and a banner that read above her 'Charity' and below 'George Peabody, a Philanthropist.' It was what we called a 'jawbreaker,' the word 'Philanthropist,' but the book made it clear. 'During his long life he not only gave away millions of dollars but he placed his great wealth where it would do the most good.'" Ref.: Ibid.
Sandburg, Carl. 4-On First Reading About GP Cont'd. "After making one fortune in America in the grocery and dry-goods business he went to London as a banker and made a bigger fortune. For all of his money he didn't marry and the book said: 'The story is told that a young American girl who had refused him in the day when money was scarce married one of his friends, whereupon Peabody resolved to remain single --a resolve which he faithfully kept." Ref.: Ibid.
Sandburg, Carl. 5-On First Reading About GP Cont'd. "I wanted to know more about that girl and how her husband did by her and what they talked about when George Peabody threw a million dollars to Baltimore for a free library, lecture hall, academy of music, and an art gallery--and later when he put three millions into tearing away tumbledown shanties in the London slums and building brick houses with a little grass around for children to play on--and later when he put another three million dollars into better schools for Negro children of the South." Ref.: Ibid.
Sandburg, Carl. 6-On First Reading About GP Cont'd. "The Queen of England wanted to give Peabody a title. He thanked her, said he could get along without it, and went home to Baltimore, where twenty thousand children met him and waved their hands and their handkerchiefs and he said, 'Never have I seen a more beautiful sight.' I wondered if the girl who had refused him was anywhere among the thousands of grownups looking on. On the front cover Mr. Peabody's white hair fell over his ears, and with his white side whiskers he reminded me of one of our Lutheran deacons." Ref.: Ibid.
Sandburg, Carl. 7-Criticism of GP. Not withstanding his boyhood admiration of GP, in his Pulitzer prize Abraham Lincoln, The War Years (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1939), III, pp. 124-125, Carl Sandburg repeated unsubstantiated charges against GP as a Confederate sympathizer in the Civil War. Such charges had first been made in 1862, without substantial evidence by John Bigelow (1817-1911), U.S. Consul General in Paris; repeated by Samuel Bowles (1826-78), editor of the Springfield Daily Republican (Springfield, Mass.), Oct. 27, 1866; by Gustavus Myers (1872-1942) in History of the Great American Fortunes, 1910, rev. 1936; by Matthew Josephson (1899-1978) in The Robber Barons (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1934 and 1962), p. 60; and by Leland DeWitt Baldwin in The Stream of American History (New York: American Book Co., 1952), II, p. 121. See: Civil War and GP. See: Felt, Charles Wilson. For defense of GP as Union supporter, see McIlvaine, Charles Pettit. "S.P.Q." Weed, Thurlow.
Sandburg, Carl. 8-Criticism of GP Cont'd. (Sandburg wrote): "Of the international bankers Peabody & Morgan, sturdy Samuel Bowles said in the Springfield [Mass.] Republican that their agencies in New York and London had induced during the war a flight of capital from America." Sandburg then quoted Bowles: '"They gave us no faith and no help in our struggle for national existence.... No individuals contributed so much to flooding the money markets with evidence of our debts to Europe, and breaking down their prices and weakening financial confidence in our nationality, and none made more money by the operation.'" Ref.: Ibid.
Great Exhibition of 1851, London (first world's fair)
Sands, Joshua Ratoon (1795-1884). 1-GP's Timely Loan. Joshua R. Sands was the U.S. Navy officer commanding the frigate St. Lawrence authorized by the U.S. Congress to transport U.S. exhibitors and their exhibits to the Great Exhibition of 1851, London, the first world's fair. The St. Lawrence left NYC Feb. 8, 1851, arrived in Southampton, March 1851, when a lack of funds led to a crisis. Congress had neglected to appropriate funds to transfer the exhibits and adorn the Crystal Palace exhibition area. The British press ridiculed American pretensions. A New York Times writer later recorded: "The whole affair looked like a disgraceful failure. At this juncture Mr. Geo. Peabody, of whom not one exhibitor in twenty had ever heard, and who was personally unknown to every member of the Commission, offered through a polite note addressed to Mr. [Abbott] Lawrence [1792-1855, U.S. Minister to Britain] to advance £3,000 [$15,000] on the personal responsibility of [U.S. Commissioner] Mr. [Edward W.] Riddle and his secretary, Mr. [Nathaniel Shattwell] Dodge [1810-74]. This loan, afterward [three years later re]paid by Congress, relieved the Commission of its difficulties, and enabled our countrymen to achieve their first success in industrial competition with the artisans and manufacturers of Europe." See: Great Exhibition of 1851, London (first world's fair).
Sands, J.R.. 2-Career. U.S. Navy officer Sands was born in Brooklyn, NY, May 13, 1795. He was appointed midshipman in the U.S. Navy (June 18, 1812), served in the War of 1812 on Lake Ontario, saw action against the Royal George; served on the Madison (April 1813), took part in the capture of Toronto and the capture of Fort George. He was attached to the Pike, and served on shore (1814), on the frigate Superior, was attached to the Washington in the Mediterranean (1815–18), was promoted lieutenant (April 1, 1818), served on the Hornet off the coast of Africa, in the West Indies (1819), on the Franklin on the Pacific coast (1821–24), on the Vandalia near Brazil (1828–30), was on recruiting duty (1830–40), was promoted Commander (Feb. 23, 1841), served at the NYC navy yard (1841–43), commanded the Falmouth in the Gulf and West Indies (1843–45), the Vixen during the Mexican War, took part in the capture of Alverado, Tabasco and Laguna, and was made governor of Laguna. He participated in the attack on Vera Cruz; assisted in the capture of Tampico and Tuspan (1847) and served in other actions. Ref.: Internet, "Sands, Joshua Ratoon [1795-1884], http://freepages.history.rootsweb.com/~dav4is/people/SAND320.htm
Sands, J.R.. 3-Career (Cont'd.). After taking the frigate St. Lawrence to the Great Exhibition of London, 1851, he took it to Portugal that year, was promoted Captain (Feb. 25, 1854), commanded the Susquehanna in Central America, in the Mediterranean, and in England (1856), was engaged in laying the Atlantic Cable (1857), served in Central America, commanded the Brazilian squadron on the flagship Congress (1859–61), retired (Dec. 21, 1861), was promoted commodore on the retired list (July 16, 1862), and made rear admiral (July 25, 1866). He served as light-house inspector on Lakes Erie and Ontario and the St. Lawrence River (1862–66), and was port-admiral, Norfolk, Va. (1869–72). He died in Baltimore, Md. (Oct. 2, 1883). Ref.: Ibid.
Satterlee, Herbert Livingston (1863-1947), was John Pierpont Morgan Sr.'s (1837-1913) son-in-law and author of Life of J. Pierpont Morgan (New York; privately printed, 1937). For Satterlee's connection with GPCFT Pres. Bruce Ryburn Payne (1874-1937), See: Payne, Bruce Ryburn. PCofVU. Conkin, Peabody College, index.
Scarritt College for Christian Workers, Nashville. See: Jean and Alexander Heard Library of Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville. PCofVU, history of. Conkin, Peabody College, index.
Naval Reception for GP's Remains
Schenck, Robert Cumming (1809-90). 1-Opposed U.S. Navy Reception for GP's Remains, Portland, Me. U.S. Rep. Robert Cumming Schenck (Republican-Ohio) on Dec. 21, 1869, objected to U.S. House Resolution No. 96 which asked Pres. U.S. Grant (1822-85) to order a U.S. Navy reception for GP's remains, then aboard HMS Monarch, escorted by USS Plymouth, from Portsmouth, England, to Portland, Me. Rep. Schenck led the opposition to the resolution by moving that the House adjourn to allow time to consider if it should go to this expense. Rep. Daniel Wolsey Voorhees (1827-97, Democrat-Ind.) regretted that a move to adjourn was made, in view of GP's vast gifts to U.S. education and science. Rep. Schenck defended his move to adjourn and challenged GP's patriotism during the Civil War, while some Republican members applauded. See: Death and funeral, GP's.
Schenck, R.C. 2-Resolution Passed. U.S. Rep. Thomas Laurens Jones (1819-87, D-Ky.), who originally introduced U.S. House Resolution No. 96 on Dec. 15, 1869, expressed shame that his proposal to honor GP was being so debated. He mentioned withdrawing the resolution. The House refused to adjourn and, with Rep. Schenck still objecting, passed the resolution that day. It was passed by the U.S. Senate on Dec. 23, 1869, and was signed into law by Pres. Grant on Jan. 10, 1870. Ref.: Ibid.
Schenck, R.C. 3-Career. Rep. R.C. Schenck was born in Franklin, Ohio; graduated from Miami Univ. (1827); taught French and Latin; practiced law in Dayton, Ohio; served in the Ohio legislature (1840); in the U.S. House (1843-51); was U.S. Minister to Brazil (1851-53); was a Union general (1861-63); and a radical Republican in the U.S. House (1863-70). There was a touch of irony when in 1870 U.S. Pres. Grant appointed R.C. Schenck (who opposed a U.S. Naval reception for GP's remains on the Monarch at Portland, Me.) to replace John Lothrop Motley (1814-77) as U.S. Minister to Britain during 1871-76. In that capacity, Schenk was a member of the Joint Commission that arbitrated the Alabama Claims and signed the Treaty of Washington in May 1871 by which Britain paid the U.S. $15.5 million in reparations. Ref.: Ibid. Ref.:(Schenck as Union general): Boatner, p. 725. Ref.:(Schenck as U.S. Minister to Britain): Welch, p. 137.
Elopement that Shocked Queen Victoria
Schenley, Edward W.H. (1798-1878). 1-GP in Pittsburgh, April 14-16, 1857. During GP's Sept. 15, 1856, to Aug. 19, 1857, U.S. visit, his first return from London in nearly 20 years, he stayed in Pittsburgh, Penn., with Capt. and Mrs. Edward W.H. Schenley during April 14-16, 1857, where a reception was held in his honor. GP's connection with the Schenleys, not precisely known, may have had to do with her father's initial displeasure at their scandalous elopement from the U.S. to England in 1842, and the possible use by the later reconciled father of George Peabody & Co.'s service in transferring funds to support the Schenleys in London. Ref. Pittsburgh, Penn., Evening Chronicle, April 14, 1857, p. 1, c. 1-3. See: Visits to the U.S. by GP, 1856-57.
Schenley, E.W.H. 2-Scandalous Elopement. Pittsburgh, Penn., heiress Mary Elizabeth Croghan (1827-1903, pronounced "Crawn") attended Mrs. McLeod's boarding school in Staten Island, N.Y. Miss Croghan was aged 15 when in 1842 British military officer Capt. Edward W.H. Schenley (said to have fought in the Battle of Waterloo, 1815) visited that school to see Mrs. McLeod, his sister-in-law. He at age 43 and Miss Croghan at age 15 met, fell in love, and created a sensation by eloping to England. Ref. Shine, Bernice. "Schenley Park Donated by Girl Whose Romance Shocked a Queen." Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph, September 15, 1941, seen July 10, 2002, at http://einpgh.org/exhibit/neighborhoods/oakland/oak_108.html
Schenley, E.W.H. 3-Descendant of Pittsburgh Founders. Mary Elizabeth Croghan, her father's only child and heir to a large fortune, was the maternal granddaughter of Pittsburgh founder and landowner Revolutionary War Quartermaster General James O'Hara (1754-1819). She was also related to Pittsburgh's first mayor (1816) Ebenezer Denny (1761-1822). Her father, William Croghan, Jr. (d. 1850), had a stroke on hearing of the elopement. He recovered and, convinced that Capt. Schenley was a fortune hunter, legally blocked Schenley's access to his daughter's fortune. Other parents with daughters in Mrs. McLeod's school, believing her involved in the elopement, withdrew their daughters, causing its closure. Ref. Ibid.
Schenley, E.W.H. 4-Reconciliation. The Schenleys lived in modest circumstances in London. They were excluded from court functions because Queen Victoria disapproved of the elopement. In time the birth of Schenley children and the family's apparent happiness led her father to relent. He visited them in London, restored her inheritance, and wanted them to return to Pittsburgh. The Schenleys made some prolonged visits to the Croghan mansion in Pittsburgh (including GP's April 14-16, 1857, stay with them) but lived permanently in London. Ref. See under Schenley, Capt. Edward W. H., in Ref.: g. Internet: http://www.wqed.org/tv/pghist/oakland.lhtml (seen July 12, 2002).
Schenley, E.W.H. 5-Schenley Park and other Philanthropies. Mrs. Schenley's philanthropic gifts came from land inherited from her maternal grandfather Gen. James O'Hara. She gave land for Pittsburgh's 456-acre Schenley Park; gave adjacent land for the Pittsburgh Carnegie Public Library and the Western Pennsylvania Institute for the Blind; and a lot for a Newsboys' Home. The proximity to Schenley Park of the University of Pittsburgh's Cathedral of Learning building and the Carnegie Mellon University make it a significant cultural center. Ref.: Ibid.
Schenley Park, Pittsburgh, Penn. See: Schenley, Edward W.H. (1798-1878) above.
Schlesinger, Arthur M., Sr. (1888-1965), was the Harvard Univ. history professor who suggested GP's contributions to educational philanthropy as a doctoral research topic to Felix Compton Robb (1914-97) when Robb attended Harvard Graduate School of Education. Robb, then a GPCFT administrator (assistant to the president, dean of instruction, president during 1961-66), pursued another topic in education administration. In 1953 when he was Dean of Instruction at GPCFT he suggested the topic to co-author Franklin Parker. See: Robb, Felix Compton.
GP’s Nephew, O.C. Marsh
Schuchert, Charles, and Clara Mae LeVene. 1-Biographers of O.C. Marsh. Charles Schuchert and Clara Mae LeVene were the authors of O. C. Marsh, Pioneer in Paleontology (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1940), biography of Othniel Charles Marsh (1831-99), based on his papers at Yale Univ. GP paid for the education of his nephew Othniel Charles Marsh (1831-99) education at Phillips Academy, Mass., Yale College (B.A., 1860), Yale's Sheffield Scientific School (M.A., 1863), and study abroad at the German universities of Berlin, Heidelberg, and Breslau (1863-65). See: Marsh, Othniel Charles.
Schuchert, Charles, and Clara Mae LeVene. 2-Marsh, First U.S. Paleontology Prof. GP also paid for O.C. Marsh's science library (paleontology) and paid to ship these and fossil specimens (2.5 tons) to New Haven, Conn., where Marsh was the first U.S. professor of paleontology at Yale Univ. and the second such professor in the world. O.C. Marsh influenced GP's founding of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard (Oct. 8, 1866, $150,000), the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale (Oct. 22, 1866, $150,000), and less directly what is now the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Mass. (Feb. 26, 1867, $140,000). See: Science: GP's Contributions to Science and Science Education (below). Institutions named.
Schuchert, Charles, and Clara Mae LeVene. 3-Authors Worked with O.C. Marsh. Charles Schuchert (1858-1942), O.C. Marsh's biographer, helped Charles Emerson Beecher (1856-1904) prepare fossils at Yale during 1892-93, served on the U.S. Geological Survey (1893-94), was Yale's third paleontology professor (1904-23), taught the history of geology at Yale's Sheffield Scientific School, and was geological curator at Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History. Schuchert and co-author Clara M. LeVene, Peabody Museum of Yale librarian, both worked with O.C. Marsh and had full access to his papers. Reviewers praised the Schuchert and LeVene biography as "a labor of love." Ref.: Book Review Digest 1941, pp. 815-816. See: persons named.
Schuler, Hans (1874-1951), was the U.S. sculptor, born in Alsace Lorraine, then part of Germany, who was commissioned to create a bust of GP which was unveiled May 12, 1926, at the University Heights site of the Hall of Fame of New York Univ. See: Hall of Fame of New York Univ.
GP's Gifts to Science
Science: GP's Gifts to Science and Science Education. 1-Seven Gifts. GP's seven gifts to science, totaling $551,000, included: 1-The Md. Institute for the Promotion of Mechanic Arts, Baltimore, Oct. 31, 1851, $1,000 for a chemistry laboratory and school. 2-The Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass., Oct. 8, 1866, $150,000 for a museum and professorship of anthropology. 3-The Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale Univ., New Haven, Conn., Oct. 22, 1866, $150,000 for a museum and professorship of paleontology. See: institutions named.
Science: GP's Gifts. 2-Seven Gifts Cont'd. 4-Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass., Oct. 30, 1866, $25,000 for a professorship of mathematics and natural science. 5-Kenyon College, Gambier, Ohio, Nov. 6, 1866, $25,000 for a professorship of mathematics and civil engineering. 6-The Peabody Academy of Science (Feb. 26, 1867 to 1915), $140,000 to promote science in Essex County, Mass., renamed Peabody Museum of Salem (1915-92), and renamed Peabody Essex Museum (since 1992), Salem, Mass. 7-Washington College, renamed Washington and Lee Univ., Lexington, Va., 1871, $60,000 for a professorship of mathematics. Ref.: Ibid.
GP’s Nephew, O.C. Marsh, First U.S. Paleontologist, Yale
Science (O.C. Marsh). 3-Nephew O.C. Marsh. GP's nephew, Othniel Charles Marsh (1831-99), influenced his uncle's gifts to science and science education, particularly the founding of the Peabody Museums of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard (Oct. 8, 1866) and of Natural History at Yale (Oct. 22, 1866), and to a lesser extent the Peabody Academy of Science (Feb. 26, 1867), now the Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Mass. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 4-Family Background. O.C. Marsh was the son of GP's younger sister Mary Gaines (née Peabody) Marsh (1807-34). Mary Gaines was the seventh child born to Thomas Peabody (1761-1811) and Judith (née Dodge) Peabody (1770-1830), who had eight children. GP, third-born and second son, was the enterprising family member who, a few years after his father's death (May 13, 1811), became the family supporter. See: Marsh, Othniel Charles.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 5-Mary Gaines Peabody Married Caleb Marsh. GP paid for his siblings' schooling and their children's schooling. He paid for Mary Gaines to attend Bradford Academy, Bradford, Mass. In 1826 at age 19 she fell in love with 26-year-old Caleb Marsh (b. c1800), who taught school near Bradford, Mass. The Peabody and Marsh families had been neighbors in Danvers, Mass., with the Marshes more affluent. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 6-Caleb Marsh, Farmer, Lockport, N.Y. About to marry Mary Gaines Peabody, Caleb Marsh expected financial or other help from GP. Caleb Marsh wrote to GP, busy traveling for his firm (Riggs, Peabody & Co.), asking help in getting starting in the dry goods business. Aware of pitfalls for beginners, GP discouraged Caleb Marsh. Caleb Marsh then wrote GP asking for a dowry and under what conditions it would be given. GP provided a monetary settlement, with safeguards. Inept in several enterprises and said later "not to be the best of husbands," Caleb Marsh turned to farming in Lockport, N.Y. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 7-Mary Gaines (Peabody) Marsh died Age 27. Mary Gaines (née Peabody) Marsh died of cholera before her 27th birthday after giving birth to her third child, George Marsh, who also died in his first year of life. She left Caleb Marsh a widower with two children: Mary, age five, and Othniel Charles, approaching age three. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 8-Early Years. Caleb lost heart, returned to Mass., remarried, started a shoe factory which failed, and returned with his second wife to his farm near Lockport, N.Y. There, he fathered six more children. Still inept, he squandered some dowry funds GP had given his sister. Ref.: Ibid. Wallace, D.R., pp. 24-25.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 9-Early Interest in Fossils. O.C. Marsh, called "Othy" as a boy, lived sometimes with aunts and uncles, and also with his father and stepmother on the Marsh farm about a mile from Lockport, N.Y., near the recently excavated Erie Canal. The oldest son in a growing family whose stepmother had little time for him, O.C. Marsh, expected by his father to help with farm work, resisted. He preferring to roam, hunt, and search for fossil-rich rocks in nearby Erie Canal excavations. These fossil-rich rocks attracted fossil collectors from far and wide, both professional and amateurs, including Col. Ezekiel Jewett (1791-1877) who, about 1845 when Marsh was about age 14, first turned the boy's interest toward science and paleontology. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 10-Geologist Ezekiel Jewett. Born in Rindge, N.H., Ezekiel Jewett was an ensign in the 11th U.S. Army infantry, War of 1812, under Gen. Winfield Scott (1786-1866). Jewett was later promoted to second lieutenant and was a colonel about 1816 after serving heroically in Chile and other South American insurrections. The crusty soldier of fortune was also an enthusiastic and indefatigable collector of fossil rocks. A fellow geologist described him as: "Invincible in his search and accordingly successful; intelligent, quick of apprehension and understand; [and] exquisitely and effectively profane…." Col. Jewett conducted a summer school in geology in Lockport for several years when he came to young Marsh's attention. Ref.: Ibid., p. 18. Clarke, p. 242.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 11-Ezekiel Jewett Cont'd. Young Marsh first admired Ezekiel Jewett's skill as a rifleman. Marsh later wrote: Col. Jewett was "the best shot in Western New York…. All envied him but I resolved to beat him…. One day I saw him collecting fossils near the locks…. I joined him occasionally…[and] helped him collect, imbibing wisdom with every hour…. Take him all in all he was one [of the] grandest men I have ever met." Ref. O.C. Marsh, "Col. E. Jewett & what he did for me as boy & man," U.S. National Archives, Record Group No. 57, from Archivist Barbara Narendra, Yale Univ.'s Peabody Museum of Natural History.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 12-Ezekiel Jewett Cont'd. Col. Jewett became curator of the N.Y. State Cabinet of Natural History. Young Marsh went on to an erratic schooling at the Collegiate Institute, Wilson, N.Y. (1847-49) and the Lockport Union School (1850) before attending (at uncle GP's expense) Phillips Academy, Andover Mass., where he blossomed as a scholar. Ref. Schuchert and LeVene, pp. 17-18, and Plate III (medallion portrait of Ezekiel Jewett). Clarke, pp. 241-243. Wells, John W., p. 34-39. See: Jewett, Ezekiel. Marsh, Othniel Charles.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 13-Marsh at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. The death of his sister Mary when she was 22 is said to have shocked O.C. Marsh into buckling down to hard private study. At age 21, inheriting $1,200 of his deceased mother's dowry from GP, Marsh enrolled at Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. His fellow students, who were in their teens, called Marsh, who was in his early 20s, "Daddy," and "Captain" (he captained the football team), more in respect than ridicule. He soon became an academic achiever and did some summer fossil hunting. A classmate later recalled that O.C. Marsh made “a clean sweep of all" Phillips Academy honors. He also showed a shrewdness in being elected president of a school society in a strategy planned a year ahead. Ref.: Ibid. Wallace, D.R., p. 26.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 14-Marsh at Yale. GP, in London, pleased by good reports of his nephew Marsh's progress from his sister Judith Dodge (née Peabody) Russell Daniels (1799-1879), helped pay his expenses at Phillips Academy. Learning that young Marsh wanted to attend Yale College, GP agreed to pay for his schooling there. Marsh studied geology under Prof. James Dwight Dana (1813-95) and chemistry under Benjamin Silliman, Jr. (1816-85). Marsh was eighth in his graduating class of 109 students at Yale in 1860 (B.A. degree). With GP's approval and support, O.C. Marsh attended Yale's newly opened (1861) graduate Sheffield Scientific School. In two years he earned the M.A. degree in science (1862), at a cost to GP, according to science historian Bernard Jaffe, of $2,200. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 15-Budding Scholar. In 1861 Marsh wrote a scientific paper read at a Geological Society of London meeting, published in its Transactions, and reprinted in the U.S. and Europe. His summer vacation field work on fossils in Nova Scotia, Canada, brought praise from Harvard zoology Prof. Louis Agassiz (1807-73), world authority on fossil fishes. Agassiz wrote to Prof. Benjamin Silliman, Jr.: "A student from your Scientific School, Mr. Marsh, has shown me today two vertebrae...which has excited my interest in the highest degree." Marsh wrote proudly from Georgetown, Mass., to GP, London, June 9, 1862: "I was so fortunate during one of my vacations as to make a discovery which has already attracted considerable attention among scientific men." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 16-Marsh Plans German Univ. Study. Weak eyesight kept Marsh from serving in the Civil War. In that same June 9, 1862, letter to GP he added: "If the plan for completing my studies in Germany, which you once so kindly approved, still meets with your approbation, I should like to go in September next [1862]." GP approved and sent Marsh £200 ($1,000). Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 17-Marsh: Ambitious, Eager. Always eager to please his uncle, Marsh was upset by an article his father sent him from the Lockport Journal and Courier, reprinted from a Danvers, Mass., newspaper. He wrote his father that he was "sorry that someone had no more discretion than to preface the notice with some statements which are calculated to do me more injury than...good. The published statement that I am expecting a Professorship at Yale would do not a little towards preventing my getting it. So also that my expenses at College were paid by Uncle George and that he intended to make me his heir, were certainly very injudicious remarks." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Gift). 18-Marsh on GP's Intended Harvard Gift. Marsh sailed for Europe in Oct. 1862. GP talked to his nephew in London about his [GP's] intended gift to Harvard Univ. Marsh described these talks in a letter to his mentor, Yale Prof. Benjamin Silliman, Jr. "I had a long talk with Mr. P. in regard to his future plans and donations.... I will tell you confidentially that Harvard will have her usual good fortune. So many of our family have been educated at Harvard that he naturally felt a greater interest in that institution than in Yale, of which I am the only representative." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Gift). 19-Marsh on GP's Intended Harvard Gift. Cont'd. "I can assure you, however, that I did [not] allow the claims of my Alma Mater to be forgotten...and I have strong hopes that she may yet be favored although nothing is as yet definitely arranged. The donation to H. [Harvard] is a large one and for a School of Design.... I did not recommend an endowment for a similar object at Yale, partly because I did not feel so much interest in Art as in Science and partly because Mr. P. manifested so much interest in my scientific studies that I thought it not unlikely that he would be more inclined to that department. I did not propose any definite plan..., as I had then none to propose, but shall hope to do so before long as I do not intend to let the matter rest until something definite is decided upon...." Ref.: Ibid.
Harvard's Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology
Science (Harvard Gift). 20-What Gift to Harvard? GP's first gift idea for Harvard in 1861 was an astronomical observatory. He discussed this idea in letters to Francis Peabody (1801-68) of Salem and William Henry Appleton (1814-84) of Boston. The Harvard gift idea was also discussed with former Harvard Pres. Edward Everett (1794-1865). Everett thought Harvard needed a "School of Design" [i.e., art], more than an observatory. GP's Harvard gift idea thus changed from observatory to a School of Design (art) when he spoke to his nephew O.C. Marsh in London in mid-Oct. 1862. Marsh's enthusiasm about science influenced GP, turning his Harvard gift idea toward science, and resulting in the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard (Oct. 8, 1866). Ref.: Ibid. See: persons named.
Science (Yale Hopeful). 21-Science at Yale. O.C. Marsh's letters from Germany evoked special interest among Yale's small band of scientists. By one account, Prof. Silliman, Sr., had years before sounded out GP about aiding science at Yale, but nothing came of it. Now, with O.C. Marsh as a budding Yale scholar, his Yale teachers had renewed hope of GP's aiding science at Yale. Learning that Prof. Silliman, Jr., had worked out with Prof. James Dwight Dana a plan for a possible Peabody Museum at Yale, Marsh wrote on Feb. 16, 1863: "I shall see Mr. P. in the spring or early in the summer, and shall then try to bring the subject before him in a way best suited to ensure its success." See: Marsh, Othniel Charles.
Science (Yale Hopeful). 22-Plan Peabody Museum, Yale. At the Univ. of Berlin, on advice from his Yale mentors, Marsh specialized in vertebrate paleontology. When he met GP in mid-May 1863 in Hamburg, Germany, Marsh was better able to explain to his uncle the need for an endowed museum which would send out expeditions to find ancient animal and human remains and so reconstruct the antecedents and cultural history of man. Marsh told his uncle that Yale's Sheffield Scientific School (founded 1861) had made such a beginning. He laid out Prof. Benjamin Silliman, Jr.'s, plan for a scientific Peabody museum at Yale. Satisfied that it was a sound idea, GP named five trustees: O.C. Marsh, Benjamin Silliman, Sr. and Jr., James Dixon, and James Dwight Dana. Ref.: Ibid.
Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History
Science (Yale Hopeful). 23-Plan Peabody Museum, Yale Cont'd. GP told Marsh that he would soon add a codicil to his will endowing the Yale museum. Marsh wrote jubilantly from Hamburg to Prof. Silliman, Sr., May 25, 1863: "I take great pleasure in announcing to you that Mr. George Peabody has decided to extend his generosity to Yale College, and will leave a legacy of one hundred thousand dollars to promote the interests of Natural Science in that Institution." Marsh added: "Mr. Peabody suggests that the Trustees...decide upon a plan...best adapted to promote the object proposed, and to embody the main features of this plan in a clause to be inserted in his will." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Yale Hopeful). 24-Plan Peabody Museum, Yale Cont'd. GP also told Marsh in their May 1863 meeting in Hamburg that although he set the amount to Yale at $100,000, he might raise it and that Yale would receive the gift on his death. As it turned out, GP gave the museum gift to Harvard on Oct. 8 and to Yale on Oct. 22, during his May 1, 1866, to May 1, 1867, U.S. visit, raising the amounts to $150,000 each. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Yale Hopeful). 25-Plan Peabody Museum, Yale Cont'd. Prof. Benjamin Silliman, Jr., urged Marsh to collect fossils, books, and scientific papers on paleontology. He explained that doing this would prepare Marsh for a Yale professorship in paleontology and would also make the need for a museum more evident to all. Prof. James Dwight Dana echoed Prof. Silliman, Jr.'s suggestion for Marsh to study further in Germany. Unlike the strong U.S. liberal arts tradition, teaching science was new and suspect after Christian fundamentalists denounced the theory of evolution described in Charles Darwin's Origin of Species (1859). Fundamentalists feared that belief in evolution might supplant belief in divine Biblical revelation. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Yale Hopeful). 26-Yale Professorship for Marsh. Amidst this conflict between science and religion, Yale's small band of scientists saw hope for their science disciplines in GP's intended museum gifts to Harvard and Yale, and particularly in the Morrill Act of 1862. That act provided federal land grants to states' higher education for science and mechanic arts (engineering). The Conn. legislature in 1863 voted to allocate Morrill Act funds to Yale's Sheffield Scientific School. Prof. Dana remarked, "The fact is Yale is going to be largely rebuilt, and all at once! The time of her renaissance has come!!" Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Yale Hopeful). 27-Plan Peabody Museum, Yale Cont'd. July 1863 Marsh, studying at Heidelberg, wrote to GP: "One...result of your [projected] donation to Yale has been to...realize my highest hopes of a position [there].... The faculty propose to create a new Professorship of Geology and Paleontology.... This Professorship...corresponds to that held by the great Agassiz at Harvard." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Yale Hopeful). 28-Marsh Needed Science Library and Fossil Collection. Marsh explained to his uncle that he needed a library and fossil collection: "Such a library and cabinet...can only be obtained in Europe.... The amount necessary...would be 3 or 4 thousand dollars.... I have felt some hesitation in asking you for this assistance in view of all you have already done for me, but I have thought it much the best way to state the whole case frankly and leave the matter with you." GP wrote Marsh from Scotland in Aug. 1863 that he would give him $3,500 to buy a library and specimens. Ref.: Ibid.
Science. 29-GP Retired. Ill and wanting to retire, GP cut his ties with George Peabody & Co. on Oct. 1, 1864. Without a son and knowing he would have no control after death, he asked that his name be withdrawn from the firm. Partner Junius Spencer Morgan (1813-90) urged GP to postpone retirement. GP wrote J.S. Morgan politely but firmly: "...I can now make no change, for although the continuance of the firm for three or six months, which you suggest, may appear short to you, to me--feeling as I deeply do, the uncertainty of life at the age of seventy--months would appear as years, for I am most anxious before I die to place my worldly affairs in a much more satisfactory state than they are at present." Ref.: Ibid.
Science. 30-Successor Firms. Thus was George Peabody & Co. (1838-64) succeeded by J.S. Morgan & Co. (1864-1909), by Morgan Grenfell & Co. (1910-1918), Morgan Grenfell & Co. Ltd. (1918-90), and Deutsche Morgan Grenfell (since June 29, 1990, German owned). O.C. Marsh wrote GP from the Univ. of Breslau Oct. 21, 1864: "I saw in the papers the announcement of your retirement.... Before I retire I should like to do for Science as much as you have done for your fellowmen; and if my health continues I shall try hard to do so." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 31-Marsh at Univ. of Breslau. Marsh expected his Yale professorship in June 1864, but was disappointed when it was postponed until June 1865. Being already in Germany, he wrote his uncle that he thought it best to study at the Univ. of Breslau (he was the first U.S. student to attend there). GP approved and paid his expenses. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 32-Marsh's Books and Fossils. Marsh selected a library of books on geology and paleontology, for which his uncle paid $5,000. GP arranged with his agent-friend, Horatio Gates Somerby (1805-72), born in Newburyport, Mass., a London-based genealogist, to ship Marsh's effects to the U.S. The books and fossils went through customs two years later weighing 2.5 tons. Marsh's fossils were the basis of the collection of the Peabody Museum of Natural History at Yale. His books formed the basis of its library collection in geology and paleontology. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 33-Marsh and Leading Scientists. In Berlin Marsh met and spoke with Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875). In Paris he met and spoke with French geologist Philippe-Èdouard Poulletier de Verneuil (1805-73). In London, when he was not with his uncle, he spent his time at the British Museum with the Keeper of Geology, Henry Woodward (1832-1921). Marsh also met such British scientists as Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-95) and Charles Darwin (1809-82). Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 34-GP's U.S. Visit, 1866-67. Back at Yale in March 1866, teaching Prof. Dana's classes in geology, Marsh wrote to his cousin-in-law Charles W. Chandler (d. 1882), husband of cousin Julia Adelaide (née Peabody) Chandler (b. April 25, 1835) and a lawyer in Zanesville, Ohio, that GP was about to visit the U.S. (May 1, 1866 to May 1, 1867). Ref.: Ibid.
Science. 35-Philanthropic Advisor R.C. Winthrop. GP arrived in NYC on the Scotia, May 3, 1866, for his year-long U.S. visit. He conferred on May 9 and frequently thereafter with his philanthropic advisor, Robert Charles Winthrop (1809-94). Winthrop had been highly recommended to GP in 1862 in London by Thurlow Weed (1797-1882), politically powerful N.Y. State editor. Weed was in London in 1862 as Pres. Lincoln's emissary to keep Britain from siding with the Confederacy in the Civil War. Weed pointed out that Winthrop was uniquely qualified to advise and guide GP's philanthropy. Ref.: Ibid.
GP’s Philanthropic Advisor, Robert Charles Winthrop
Science. 36-R.C. Winthrop's Career. Winthrop was the distinguished descendant of early Mass. Bay Colony Gov. John Winthrop (1588-1649). He was a Harvard graduate (1828), trained in Daniel Webster's law office, member of the Mass. legislature (1834-39, and its Speaker), member of the U.S. House of Representative (1842-50, its Speaker during 1847-50). He was appointed to fill Daniel Webster's U.S. Senate seat (1851). He gave the main addresses at the Washington Monument cornerstone laying (1848) and at its completion (1885). Known and respected by the U.S. political and academic power structure, Winthrop agreed in 1866 to help plan GP's philanthropy. In 1867 Winthrop helped name the PEF trustees, was president of that board, and guided its work to his death in 1894. Ref.: Ibid.
Science. 37-GP Laid His Philanthropic Plans before Winthrop. When GP first laid before Winthrop his philanthropic plans (most likely on May 9, 1866), Winthrop expressed amazement at their size and scope. Winthrop remembered GP's reply and quoted it in his Feb. 8, 1870, eulogy at GP's funeral service. GP's words, underlined below, were later cut into the stone marker placed at the temporary grave site in Westminster Abbey where GP's remains lay in state 30 days (Nov. 11-Dec. 12, 1869). GP had replied: "Why, Mr. Winthrop, this is no new idea to me. From the earliest of my manhood I have contemplated some such disposition of my property; and I have prayed my Heavenly Father, day by day, that I might be enabled before I died, to show my gratitude for the blessings which He has bestowed upon me, by doing some great good for my fellow-men." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 38-Meetings on Peabody Museum, Harvard. Winthrop had a series of meetings on the Peabody Museum of Harvard: with GP on June 1, 1866, at the Tremont House, Boston; on June 4 with GP's nephews, Yale Prof. O.C. Marsh and George Peabody Russell (1835-1909, Harvard graduate, class of 1856) at the Massachusetts Historical Society; and on June 17 again with GP, who gave Winthrop permission to consult confidentially with Harvard friends. Winthrop especially sought the advice and approval of Louis Agassiz (1807-73), leading U.S. scientist and Harvard zoologist. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 39-James Walker on Peabody Museum, Harvard. Winthrop also talked to Harvard's former Pres. James Walker (1794-1874, Harvard president during 1853-60). Agassiz, Winthrop, and Walker knew that Harvard officials preferred new gifts of money to go to its library and to its Museum of Comparative Zoology rather than for GP's proposed museum. Pres. Walker said to Winthrop: "...When a generous man like Mr. Peabody proposes a great gift, we...had better take what he offers and take it on his terms, and for the object which he evidently has at heart.... There...will be, as you say, disappointments in some quarters. But the branch of Science, to which this endowment is devoted, is one to which many minds in Europe are now eagerly turning.... This Museum...will be the first of its kind in our country." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 40-Peabody Museum, Harvard, Founding Letter. Winthrop communicated his conversation with Pres. Walker to GP on July 6, 1866. On Sept. 24 Winthrop again met with GP and his nephews, Prof. O.C. Marsh and G.P. Russell. On Sept. 28, 1866, Winthrop called the first meeting of the trustees of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology at Harvard. The trustees accepted GP's gift of $150,000. His founding letter, dated Oct. 8, 1866, ended with these suggestions that: "...In view of the gradual obliteration or destruction of the works and remains of the ancient races of this continent,[that] the labor of exploration and collection be commenced...as early...as practicable; and also, that, in the event of the discovery in America of human remains or implements of an earlier geological period than the present, especial attention be given to their study, and their comparison with those found in other countries." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 41-Anthropology at Harvard. Thus, O.C. Marsh, a Yale man, influenced the founding at Harvard of the first U.S. museum of anthropology in the U.S. It was endowed by GP nine years after the discovery in 1857 in Prussia of the Neanderthal skull, which renewed interest in man's origins. Ethnological items, long collected but unexamined, were soon donated to the new Peabody Museum at Harvard by New England societies, including the Mass. Historical Society. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 42-Walker on Science at Harvard. When the Mass. Historical Society's ethnological items were transferred to the Peabody Museum at Harvard, former Harvard Pres. James Walker said, "For a long time Harvard has exhausted her resources on the traditional liberal arts. The time has come for her to advance scientific knowledge. Mr. Peabody shows great wisdom in facilitating cooperation between the Massachusetts Historical Society and his Museum at Harvard through trustees of the latter who are prominent members of the former." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 43-Harvard Began Study of Anthropology. Anthropologists-historians Charles Franklin Thwing (1853-1937) and Ernest Ingersoll (1852-1946) each wrote that the Peabody Museum at Harvard began the systematic study of anthropology in U. S. higher education. Pre-Columbian life in North America was largely unexplored; existing collections were slight and fragmentary. Ref.: Ibid.
Frederic Ward Putnam, "Father of American Anthropology”
Science (Harvard Museum). 44-Putnam at Harvard. Many early prominent scientists were officers of the Peabody Museum of Harvard, including Frederic Ward Putnam (1839-1915). He was its curator during 1874-1909 and enhanced its reputation as well as his own. He was called by his peers the "Father of American Anthropology." Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 45-Putnam at Harvard Cont'd. While at the Peabody Museum of Harvard, he yet found time to help found the 1-Anthropology Dept. of the American Museum of Natural History, NYC, during 1894-1903; 2-the Dept. and Museum of Anthropology, Univ. of California, during 1903-09; and 3-he was secretary of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, during 1873-98. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 46-Putnam at Harvard Cont'd. Famed anthropologist Prof. Franz Boas (1858-1942) wrote that F.W. Putnam pursued the subject of early man in North America with "unconquerable tenacity." Putnam wrote over 400 anthropological reports, many of them on the culture of the "mound builders," ancient ancestors of the American Indians. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Harvard Museum). 47-Putnam at Harvard Cont'd. At its centennial in 1967, Peabody Museum Director John O. Brew (1906-88) stated that its personnel had pioneered in studying the unique Mayan culture in Central America and had led a total of 688 expeditions worldwide to study early human life. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 48-Praised by Charles Darwin. O.C. Marsh was a convinced evolutionist when in the early 1860s he visited Charles Darwin at his country home in England. Twenty years later Charles Darwin wrote to Marsh, crediting him with findings fossils that provided the best evidence to prove the theory of evolution. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 49-Praised by T.H. Huxley. Marsh also published fossil proof of the North American origin of the horse. The previous belief was that the horse originated in Europe and was brought to America with Christopher Columbus and the conquistadors. Darwin's strongest defender, Thomas Henry Huxley (1825-95), visiting Marsh at Yale in 1876, became so convinced by Marsh's horse fossil findings that he changed the content of his U. S. lectures, citing Marsh's proof of the pre-Columbian origin of the horse in North America. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 50-Astute Organizer. As Yale Prof. of Paleontology and Director of Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History, Marsh did not teach or receive a salary until his last years, when his private income (left to him by GP) was almost gone. He was an astute organizer of Yale assistants, directing their field work by telegraph and letter, overseeing their collecting and shipping of railroad carloads of fossils. At Yale he assembled entire dinosaurs, toothed birds, and other extinct mammals. His enormous collection at Yale was still being catalogued in the 1990s. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 51-Dinosaur Fossil Finder. He made his major dinosaur fossil finds in the mid 1870s-80s in the Rocky Mountain region; at Como Bluff in eastern Wyoming; Canyon City, Colorado; and elsewhere in the rugged U.S. West. He used Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History resources, student assistants, and federal funds in his capacity as U.S. Geological Survey paleontologist (1882-92) and honorary curator of vertebrate paleontology at the U.S. National Museum (1887) to find over 1,000 new fossil vertebrates, many of which he classified and described. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 52-Prominent Scientist. Marsh lived like a Victorian gentleman in his 18-room New Haven, Conn., house, courting U.S. and foreign scientists and politicians. On frequent trips to NYC Marsh was often seen in fashionable clubs. For 12 years he was president of the National Academy of Sciences, the most prestigious U.S. scientific body. He was prominent in national science affairs and wielded influence in government and academic science circles. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 53-Criticism. He was also criticized by some peers and assistants. One assistant, Samuel Wendell Williston (1852-1918), who achieved scientific renown after leaving O.C. Marsh's employ, criticized him for publishing fossil findings of his assistants as his own. Marsh's last years were marred by lack of money and loss of U.S. government support. Ref.: Ibid.
Marsh-Cope Rivalry: Dinosaur Fossils
Science (O.C. Marsh). 54-Marsh-Cope Compared. Marsh's professional rival was Philadelphia-born paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope (1840-97). Cope was the son of a wealthy Quaker shipowner and philanthropist. Like Marsh, Cope's mother died when he was three-years-old. Unlike Marsh, Cope grew up in a well-ordered household, did well in a Quaker school, and published his first scientific paper at age 18. Marsh did little until age 20 and published his first paper at age 30. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 55-Marsh-Cope Compared Cont'd. Both studied science in Europe. Cope lived with wife and daughter in Haddonfield, N.J. When his father died (1875), Cope at age 35 inherited a fortune which he used to finance his fossil finds. Though wealthy, Cope lived simply, in contrast to Marsh. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 56-Marsh-Cope Rivalry. Marsh and Cope met in Berlin in 1862. They met again for a friendly week in the U.S. in 1868. From then on, they competed for a quarter-century in the rugged west to find and identify new mammal fossils in scientific publications. Cope, of brilliant mind and wider natural history interests than Marsh, had no institutional connections until, financially depleted in his last years, he was a Univ. of Penn. professor. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 57-Marsh-Cope Rivalry Cont'd. Marsh had the knack of management and made the most of academic and federal government connections. From this rivalry came a treasure trove of dinosaur fossil findings, 80 new kinds of dinosaurs found and described in publications by Marsh and 56 found and described in publications by Cope. From this rivalry came much of what is now known about dinosaurs. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (O.C. Marsh). 58-Marsh, GP, Science. Dinosaur displays attracted visitors, particularly young visitors, made science museums popular, and furthered science education. Marsh's biographers estimate that GP gave Yale directly and indirectly through bequests to Marsh close to half a million dollars. The Peabody Museums at Harvard and Yale, their collections, field exploration, exhibits, famous murals (particularly at the Yale Museum), and education programs are eminently the achievements of their directors and staffs. Yet GP's gifts to science education, influenced by nephew O.C. March, made these achievements possible. Ref.: Ibid. Ref. Schiff, p. 80.
Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Mass.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum, Salem, Mass.) 59-200-Year History. The Peabody Essex Museum's 200-year history started long before GP's Feb. 26, 1867, $140,000 gift founded the Peabody Academy of Science. This Peabody Academy of Science (1867-1915), renamed the Peabody Museum of Salem (1915-1992), combined the science collections of two societies, the East India Marine Society, founded in 1799, and the Essex County Natural History Society, founded in 1833. Ref. Parker, F.-q, pp. 137-153, reprinted Parker, F.-zd, pp. 129-140.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum). 60-East India Marine Society. The East India Marine Society's ethnological and marine history collections were brought back by Salem's acquisitive shipmasters from China, Sumatra, India, and the Pacific islands. Before GP's 1867 gift, these were inadequately housed in the moribund East India Marine Society Building in Salem. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum). 61-Essex Institute. Next door was the Essex County Natural History Society, founded in 1833, to collect New England's natural history antiquities. In 1848 this Essex County Natural History Society merged with the Essex Historical Society, founded in 1821 to preserve the history and relics of Essex County, Mass. The 1848 merger resulted in the Essex Institute. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum). 62-Peabody Academy of Science. Soon after, the Peabody Academy of Science (1867) housed and displayed the East India Marine Society's (1799) ethnological and maritime history collections, along with the Essex Institute's Natural History Society's (1833) collections. Other New England societies began to donate their ethnological and maritime objects to the then new (1867) Peabody Academy of Science. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum). 63-Name Change to Peabody Essex Museum. The Peabody Academy of Science (1867-1915) was renamed the Peabody Museum of Salem (1915-1992) and renamed the Peabody Essex Museum since 1992, all at the same location in Salem, Mass. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum). 64-First Dir. Edward Sylvester Morse. Edward Sylvester Morse (1838-1925) was Peabody Academy of Science's first director during 1880-1916. E.S. Morse was Louis Agassiz's (1807-73) student at Harvard Univ. and had worked with other Agassiz students, including Frederic W. Putnam (1839-1915), director of the Peabody Museum of Harvard during 1874-1909. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum). 65-E.S. Morse in Japan. E.S. Morse, who organized the Peabody Academy of Science collections, achieved scientific renown by teaching zoology for the first time at the Imperial Univ. of Tokyo, Japan, during 1877-79 and 1882-83. He founded there a zoological department, library, museum, and journal, and was the first to lecture on Darwinian evolution. For introducing science to Japan during the Meiji period, when Japan first turned to western influence, Morse earned several Japanese honors, including two monuments built to his memory. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum). 66-Name Change. The Peabody Academy of Science (1867-1915) was renamed the Peabody Museum of Salem (1915-92). In 1984 the Peabody Museum of Salem absorbed the China Trade Museum of Milton, Mass., containing the finest collection of Asian export art in the world. In July 1992, after 200 years of public showing of Asian and Pacific ethnological and marine history treasures, the Peabody Museum of Salem and the Essex Institute consolidated into the Peabody and Essex Museum, soon renamed the Peabody Essex Museum. Ref.: Ibid.
Science (Peabody Essex Museum). 67-Six Departments. The Peabody Essex Museum has more than a hundred staff. Its focus is on science education for the visiting public, especially young visitors. The museum's collections illuminate Salem's history from its founding as the third oldest colonial village to its zenith as a seaport, when its ships carried goods, culture, and artifacts between the U.S. and the then little-known Oriental and Pacific worlds. The museum's six departments cover 1-Maritime History, 2-American Decorative Arts and Essex County Historical Collections, 3-Asian Export Art, 4-Ethnology, 5-Natural History, 6-and Archaeology. These six departments are housed in nine buildings open for public tours. The nine buildings are historic in that they span Salem's residential architecture from its beginning to
Quick Links
Latest Comment
Re: "Where do we begin to get clean again?" - ha, changing your username...you mean?
| Terms of Service
| Privacy Policy
