Safe-cracking

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A safe with destroyed electronic components
Safe-cracking is the process of opening a safe, generally without the combination. It may also refer to a computer hacker's attempts to break into a secured computer system.
Contents
1 History
2 Physical methods
2.1 Lock manipulation
2.2 Guessing the combination
2.3 Autodialers
2.4 Weak point-drilling
2.5 Brute force methods
2.6 Radiological methods
2.7 Tunneling into bank vaults
3 Media depictions
4 See also
5 References
6 External links
//
History
Secured boxes have existed for centuries, but it wasn't until the late 18th century that use of cast iron became widespread and was used to create solid metal boxes. During the 19th century, safe-cracking techniques (known as box jobs[citation needed]) became widely used in bank robberies. In the 20th century, improvements in steel production and a decreasing reliance on physical currency led to a decrease in the popularity of safe cracking.
Physical methods
Different procedures may be used to crack a safe, depending on its construction. Different procedures are required to open different safes so safe-crackers need to be aware of the differences.
Lock manipulation
The most surreptitious way of cracking a safe is to manipulate the lock in order to obtain the combination required to open the safe without actually damaging the safe.
Some rotary combination locks can be manipulated by feel or sound in order to determine the combination required to open the safe. More sophisticated locks use wheels made from lightweight and soft materials such as nylon, which reduces this vulnerability. Another anti-manipulation mechanism is serrated wheels (false tumbler notches) that make tactile techniques much more difficult. Another defense is a clutch-type driver wheel that prevents contact of the fence to the tumblers except in one position. These locks can be identified by a "click-click" feeling in the dial or by a dial that is pushed in and turned. Manipulation is the locksmith's preferred choice in lost-combination lockouts, since it requires no repairs or damage, but can be extremely time consuming due to lock improvements over the years, and is also a difficult art to master. Some combination padlocks can also be manipulated by pulling and applying leverage on the shackle while turning each dial to determine the combination required to unlock them.
In the absence of any other information regarding the safe's combination, a combination lock may be opened by dialing every possible combination. Richard Feynman discovered that many combination locks allow some "slop" in the settings of the dial, so that for a given safe it may be necessary only to try a subset of the combinations. This drastically reduces the time required to exhaust the number of meaningful combinations. A further reduction in solving time is obtained by trying all possible settings for the last wheel for a given setting of the first wheels before nudging the next-to-last wheel to its next meaningful setting, instead of zeroing the lock each time with a number of turns in one direction.
Guessing the combination
A safe may be compromised surprisingly often by simply guessing the combination. This results from the fact that manufactured safes often come with a manufacturer-set combination. This combination (known as a try-out combination) is designed to allow the owner initial access to the safe so that they may set their own new combination. Sources exist which list manufacturers try-out combinations.
Combinations are also unwittingly compromised by the owner of the safe by having the lock set to easy-to-guess combinations such as a birthdate or driver's license number.
Autodialers
A number of companies and groups have developed autodialing machines to open safes. Unlike fictional machines that can open a combination in seconds, such machines are usually specific to a particular type of lock and must cycle through thousands of combinations to open a device. A good example of such a device is a project completed by two students from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology - Kyle Vogt and Grant Jordan. Their machine, built to open a Sargent and Greenleaf 8400 lock on a Diebold Safe, found an unknown combination in 21,000 tries. Lockmasters, Inc. markets two autodialing machines that work on a variety of 3 digit combination safe locks.
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